• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

A comparative analysis of rooftop greening in Korea and Japan was carried out to understand current status of rooftop greening creation and technology and to give directions to frame a policy or plan on rooftop greening in Korea. Besides literature studies, questionnaire survey to Korean and Japanese experts on rooftop greening were done. As results, the annual creation areas, the types and the scales of rooftop greening in Seoul and Tokyo until 2007 were analysed and the satisfaction on the creation areas and technologies, the preference types, the present levels of and the most important parts among policies (support systems), technologies (creation methods), materials, maintenances and user programs for the development or expansion of rooftop greening in Korea and Japan were compared. The creation areas of rooftop greening in Seoul until 2007 was around 15% in Tokyo but the increasing rate of those in Seoul was faster than in Tokyo. Korean needs for the improvement on the rooftop greening systems and technologies were higher than Japanese, but both desired the expansion of rooftop greening areas in both countries. Korean preferred semi-intensive rooftop greening system but Japanese preferred intensive system. Korean and Japanese rooftop greening experts preferred policies (support systems) and technologies (creation methods) for the most important part for the development or expansion of rooftop greening in both countries.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

This research was executed to analyze the problems of Korean type of 'Light-weight' Greening that has been applied similarly by the type of 'Intensive Greening,' and to suggest the better way. To achieve this purpose, we compared and analyzed the theory about the definition of Korean type of Roof Greening and the type of Greening of FLL. And we researched documents and fields of 18 sites of Seoul City that applied the type of 'Light-weigh' Greening, and produced improvement issues and directions. To resolve the confusion of the type definition and site application, arising from considering 'weight of greening' as the main viewpoint to classify the type of Greening, we have to change the term 'Light-weight' with more suitable for contents-based definitions. According to a 'Light-weight' Greening field survey, only 5 among 18 sites are suitable for Extensive Greening and the rest sites show the character of Intensive Greening. Korean concept of 'Light-weight' Greening corresponds with the definition of 'Weight of Greening', but has a problem that does not correspond with the viewpoint of 'Maintenance of Greening'. This problem comes from the fact that the surveyed Light-weight(extensive) Greening sites are designed and executed for use. Therefore, Extensive Greening is proper to be applied for sites, excluded from use. 5 sites, determined suitable for Extensive Greening, adopts 'Sedum-herbaceous Planting' or 'Sedum-grasses Planting' forms of Greening, based on Sedum. So, it has to precede with selecting and breeding plants for developing various forms of Greening, suitable for Extensive Greening including 'Grasses-herbaceous Planting.'

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Because the demand or sensitivity of users of space has an important influence on the direction of design concerning indoor greening, this study examined the customers' preferences and trends for use in this field. By analyzing the results, types of space for indoor greening that can be utilized as indoor greening design such as vegetation selection, space positioning, design types, etc. were derived. The research and analysis was set for living space, business space, commercial space and public space. For each space, there were vegetations in over 50% of the space, and in all the spaces, the majority of people were of the positive opinion. As the desired space for the introduction of indoor greening, high levels of preference were seen in the following areas: 'veranda' and 'living room' for the residential space; 'main work space' and 'resting space' for the office space; and 'rest area,' 'entrance area' and 'lobby area' for the public space and commercial space. The preference of each of the spaces displayed slightly different trends in accordance with the characteristics of space and users. If indoor greening space were to be designed for these spaces according to the types, which are derived from the preference levels examined in this study, it is deemed that the satisfaction levels of users of the spaces could be increased.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

In order to discern the development of technology in creating, properly managing, and characterizing the types used in facade greening, this article examines the instances of facade greening of Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey which is not only located in the latitude similar to South Korea's but also influenced by the both continental and oceanic climate. The study was carried out for 11 months from October 2002 to September 2003. The total 242 places were researched and they were 83 sites in Athens, 77 sites in Istanbul, and 82 sites in Sofia. Varieties, usage, configuration, foundation and characteristics of plants were studied. The goals of greening, and building's surface roughness and thickness, direction of the wall were also researched. The result of survey are as follows; 17 families and 33 species of climbing plants were found in Athens, Istanbul, and Sofia. Thickness of facade greening in the three cities is 46cm in Athens, 39cm in Istanbul, and 53cm in Sofia. The possible facade greening size per a climbing plant, Parthenocissus tricupidata takes up the largest portion of the wall in the three cities similarly followed by Vitis vinifera and Wistaria spp. By its diversity it can be assumed that these plants are most practical for large scale of facade greening and full covering. Evergreen climbing plants such as Hedera helix and Ficus niponica are useful plants for relatively large scale of facade greening area. In the facade greening types, the climbing type is the most dominant in the three cities and most of the climbing type was planted on the natural foundation but the hanging and combination types were planted on an artificial foundation located on the balcony or on the roof of the building. In the directions of the walls for facade greening, the west direction are most popular which is for the improvement of sun shading in summer season. In Sofia the apartments were most applied with facade greening but In Istanbul and Athens the residential buildings and the public buildings were adapted with facade greening actively as well as residential building. The purpose of lowering summer heat took up the highest portion followed by the purpose of ornamentation and maintaining privacy in all surveyed cities.

• 화훼연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to create an artificial wetland in rooftop greening. We monitored species and changes of flora in wetland and rooftop greening. As shown the consideration and possibility of supplying the artificial wetland in rooftop greening through flora in wetland, this study tried to find methods to create a efficient flora space. This results are listed as belows. The species were applied to artificial wetland in rooftop greening and come up to 'General standard for selecting plants' among hydrophyte in wetlands. The plants of Potentilla kleiniana, Penthorum chinense, Scirpus radicans, Scirpus triqueter, Veronica undulata, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Salvia plebeian, Sagittaria aginashi, Aneilema keisak, Stachys riederi, Alisma canaliculatum, Eclipta prostrata, Sparganium stoloniferum turned out an appropriate species. This research was expected to create a various environment and component of species by introducing many types of plants in ecological wetland on rooftop greening.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2005

Green spaces in cities were insufficient and decreased as artificial structures increase. Accordingly, greening rooftop space contributed to urban ecosystems as green space. Especially, since 2002 Seoul supported rooftop greening and introduced 'Ecology-area rates'. Thus rooftop greening had the potentiality of extension. This prepared the extensive rooftop greenings within planting-base for extensive management rooftop greening system to be easily popularized. The extensive rooftop greening conducted from 1997-2005 reported that soil depth was 8cm and soil mixtures were 5 types. And plant were Crysanthemum zawaskii var. latilobum, Aster hayatae, Crysanthemum zawaskii herb. ssp. coreanum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum rotundifolium, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum takemensis, Sedum middendorffianum, Sedum telerium var. purpureum, Sedum spectabile, Carypteris incana, Dianthus superbus, Hosta minor. As a result, for nine years after the modular type rooftop greening established, survival plants were Sedum takemensis, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum spectabile, Sedum middendorffianum, Carypteris incana, Crysanthemum zawaskii var. latilobum, Sedum telerium var. purpureum, Sedum rotundifolium, Dianthus superbus. Also effect of greening was possibled soil depth 8cm. And growth of plants from 1997 to 2005 were fine on two soil mixtures of 'perlite+peatmoss+vermicompost+moisturizer' and 'perlite+moisturizer+bark(mulching)'. Invasive plants are Ixeris dentata Nakai, Ixeris chinensis var. strigosa, Youngia sonchifolia, Eragrostis ferruginea, Aster pilosus Willd., Ixeris japonica Nakai, Valpia myuros, and Setaria viridis. In conclusion, selection of suitable native plants was possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The extensive rooftop greening were lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2016

This study reduced and built Street Canyons created by skyscrapers in order to verify effect of Street Canyons by green wall within the city centre and analysed influence factors on temperature reduction according to applicative types of green wall in the lab. Applicative types were divided into three types such as non- greening type(Case A), one-side greening type(Case B), both side greening type(Case C). The result of analysis of each types showed that average temperature of Case B and Case C is respectively $1.0^{\circ}C$ and $1.7^{\circ}C$ lower than Case A. The result of analysis of WBGT was that the highest temperature was given by Case A($40.2^{\circ}C$) and second one was from Case B($39.8^{\circ}C$) and third one was from ($39.1^{\circ}C$) and in UTCI Case A records the highest temperature of $34.7^{\circ}C$ and Case B provided the second highest temperature of $33.9^{\circ}C$ and Case B gave the lowest temperature of $32.7^{\circ}C$. In PMV the highest temperature of 2.65 was from Case B and second one of 2.61 was from Case A and third one of 2.54 was from Case C. Duncan analysis of each types based on solar radiation and thermal comfort generated that there was analytical significance between Case A and Case B and Case B in terms of each types of average temperature reduction. The significance of thermal comfort in WBGT, MRT, PMV showed non-significance but, In UTCI it was analysed that there was significance between Case C and Case A.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to select suitable planting base for the mat-type rooftop greening in order to popularize rooftop greening system easily. The experiment was conducted from 2004 June to 2005 May under several conditions; 4 soil depths under mats(2cm, 5cm, 10cm, 15cm), two soil mixtures(natural soil 80%+leaf mold 20%, artificial soil) and two light conditions(full sun place, 20% shaded place). In this experiment, 3 types of mats were used ; the herbaceous plants mat(11 plants inclusive of Lotus corniculatus L., Silene armeria L.), the lawn mat with Festica arundinacea and Sedum mat with Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum middendorffianum. The result is as follows; in the mat-type rooftop greening, the herbaceous plants mat, lawn mat and sedum mat are the similar number of plant and effect of greening on soil depth 2cm, 5cm and 10cm, 15cm. So suitable soil depth of rooftop greening is 10cm for the load and economical factor. Thus the mat-type rooftop greening possible planting base depth of all 13cm as soil depth 10cm and mat depth 3cm. As soil mixtures, the number and growth of plants were better mat and 'natural soil 80% +leaf mold 20%' than mat and artificial soil. In herbaceous plants mat, Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L., Lotus corniculatus L. are survival in full sun place and Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L. are survival in 20% shaded place. In conclusion, selection of suitable soil mixtures and plants is possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The mat-type rooftop greening are lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

The current study aims to analyze the vegetation characteristics of the rocky slopes in expressway applied by different types of greening work. A field survey on the current status of vegetation were conducted in 50 rock slopes along 13 expressways in two years, 2020 to 2021. Specifically, the type of implemented greening and slope stabilization work, the soil properties, the vegetation coverage, and the emerged species were investigated on a every single slope. As the result of the implemented work types, the soil-media hydroseeding and the gabion work appeared to be the most implemented greening and slope stabilization work, respectively. As a result of the vegetation survey, 126 classification groups (42 families, 93 genera and 126 species) were identified in total and it was observed 26 IAP species and 5 invasive species were growing. The longer the time after greening work, the more frequent appearance of IAP species were observed. Woody species such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Lespedeza bicolo, and perennial herbs such as Artemisia princeps, Erigeron annuus, and Festuca arundinacea were appeared with high frequencies at the rocky slopes in expressway. It was also observed Pinus densiflora, Quercus dentata, Rubus crataegifolius and Miscanthus sinensis which had invaded from the adjacent forests naturally, and the largest number of species were invaded between 5~10 years usually after greening work in this study.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

Recently it is urgent issue in every department that problem from environmental disruption such as global warming. As the case of streetscape works essentially at city scenery, it is inevitable that changing from present view, which centers facilities and buildings, to environmental harmonic scenery. This study plans climate adjusting ability and improvement of thermal efficiency by putting ecological elements to buildings on a street which are essential factors of streetscape. Ultimately, this not only makes a pleasant environment but also revives being withered earth. Street-environment on eco-scape will take a part in designing sustainable city. This study acquires the way how buildings on a street get applied ecological elements as following. Roof level part : the greening surface of the rooftop(included plant box type), the greening roof as a type of pergola, the greening surface of the middle floor rooftop(included plant box type). Elevation part : climbing type, downfall type, espalier, flower bed in balcony type, wall-installing type, water wall type, other design types. Ground level part : paving the whole surface with permeability, paving the gap with permeability, plant box type, ground plant type, waterside zone, wetland, fence greening type, terrace greening type, retaining wall greening type.