• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1509-1515
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• 2013

The term lipotoxicity has been used to describe how excess lipid accumulation leads to cellular dysfunction and death in non-adipose tissues, including skeletal muscle. While lipotoxicity has been found in cultured skeletal muscle cells with high-fat feeding, the consequences of lipotoxicity in vivo are still unknown, particularly in Type-I muscle, which is metabolically affected by lipotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet on changes in the morphology and apoptotic protein expression of Type-I muscle loss in rats. The rats were fed either a high-fat diet or a normal diet for six weeks, and then lipid accumulation, inflammation response, and nucleus infiltration were measured, and PARP protein expression was cleaved by Oil Red O staining, H & E staining, and Western blot, respectively. Lipid accumulation, inflammation response, nucleus infiltration, and cleaved PARP protein expression were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the high-fat diet group than they were in the normal diet group. The weight of Type-I muscle tended to be lower in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group, but the difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate that a high-fat diet triggers cell death in Type-I muscle via lipotoxicity, which suggests that a high-fat diet may be associated with sarcopenia.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 1986

Cytochrome oxidase activities have been compared from crude sumibitochondrial preparations of rat skeletal muscle tissues. Fast red (type $II_A$) preparation has highest cytochrome oxidase activity, slow red (type I) next, and fast white (type $II_B$) the lowest. Differences of electrophoretic mobilities have been detected by heme staining. Migration of heme band is in the order of slow red>fast red>fast white from fastest to slowest. Results of immunoelectrophoresis have substantiated the above finding.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.727-734
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• 2002

This study was to determine the effect of DHEA administration before, during, and after dexamethasone treatment on body weight and TypeI,II muscle weight of rat receiving dexamethasone treatment. Method: Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: control(C), dexamethasone(D), DHEA administration for 3days after dexamethasone treatment for 7days(7D+3DH), dexamethasone treatment for 7days after DHEA administration for 3days(3DH+7D), DHEA administration during dexamethasone treatment for 4days after dexamethasone treatment for 3days(3D+4DDH), DHEA administration during dexamethasone treatment for 7days(7DDH). Dexamethasone was injected by subcutaneously daily at a dose of 5mg/kg. DHEA was orally administered daily at a dose of 5mg/kg for 7 days. Soleus(TypeI) muscle, and both plantaris and gastro- cnemius(TypeII) muscles were dissected on the 7th day of experiment. Result: Body weight of both 3DH+7D group and 3D+4DDH group increased significantly compared with that of 7D group. Body weight of 7D+3DH group decreased significantly compared with that of 7D group, 7DDH group, 3DH+7D group and 3D+4DDH group. Muscle weight of both plantaris and gastro- cnemius tended to decrease compared with that of 7D group. Muscle weight of 7DDH group, 3D+4DDH group and 3DH+7D group increased significantly compared with that of 7D+3DH group. Muscle weight of gastrocnemius of both 3DH+7D group and 3D+4DDH group increased significantly compared with that of 7D group. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be suggested that DHEA administration before and during dexamethasone treatment can increase both body weight and mass of atrophied TypeII muscle induced by dexa- methasone treatment.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.19-40
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DHEA on Type I(soleus) and II muscles(plantaris, gastrocnemius) in a focal brain ischemia model rat. Thirty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats with $200{\sim}250g$ body weights were randomly divided into four groups : CINS(cerebral ischemia + normal saline), CIDH(cerebral ischemia + DHEA), SHNS(sham + normal saline), SHDH (sham + DHEA). Both the CINS and CIDH groups were undergone a transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion operation. In the SHNS and SHDH groups, a sham operation was done. DHEA was administered daily at a dose of 0.34mmol/kg, and normal saline was administered daily at the same dose by intraperitoneal injection for 7days after operation. Cerebral infarction in the CINS and CIDH groups was identified by staining with 2% triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution for 60 minutes. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test using the SPSSWIN 9.0 program. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The muscle weights of soleus(Type I), plantaris and gastrocnemius(Type II) in CINS group were significantly less than those of the SHNS group(p<.01). The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the SHNS group in Type I muscle fiber of the soleus and Type II muscle fiber of the plantaris and gastrocnemius(p<.05). The myofibrillar protein content of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the SHNS group in the left gastrocnemius and right soleus(p<.05). 2) The muscle weights of the soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius except the unaffected side of the plantaris in the CIDH significantly increased compared to those of the CINS group(p<.05). The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the CIDH group significantly increased compared to that of the CINS group in Type II muscle fiber of the plantaris and gastrocnemius(p<.05). The myofibrillar protein content of the CIDH group significantly increased compared to that of the CINS group in the left soleus(p<.05). 3) On the post-op 8 day, the body weight of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the CIDH, SHNS and SHDH groups(p<.01). Total diet intake of the CINS and CIDH groups was significantly less than that of the SHNS and SHDH groups(p<.01). Based on these results, it was identified that muscle atrophy could be induced during the 7 days after cerebral infarction, and DHEA administration during the early stage of cerebral infarction might attenuate muscle atrophy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.277-286
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• 2001

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of several muscles in repetitive nerve stimulation test (RNST) for myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 39 MG patients classified by modified Ossermann's classification. Using Stalberg's method, RNST was systematically performed in facial (orbicularis oculi and nasalis) and upper extremity (flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor digiti quinti and anconeus) muscles. Results: The significant electrodecremental response of RNST were noted in orbicularis oculi(58.9%), nasalis (51.3%), flexor carpi ulnaris(42%), anconeus(41%) and abductor digiti quinti muscles(27%). Among the 3 muscles of upper extremity(abductor digiti quinti, flexor carpi ulnaris and anconeus), the positive electrodecremental response of anconeus muscles was significantly higher than other two muscles(p<0.05) in type IIa, IIb and there were no statistical differences of the positive electrodecremental response between orbicularis oculi and nasalis muscles. The facial muscles showed more prominent decremental responses than upper extremity muscles in type I MG(p<0.05). In type IIa MG patients, there were no significant statistical differences between facial and upper extremity muscles but significant statistical differences among upper extremity muscles. In type IIb MG patients, there were no significant statistical differences in all tested muscles in spite of the increased positive electrodecremental response of RNST. Conclusion: On the basis of this study, RNST would be initially performed for the orbicularis or nasalis in type I MG and for the anconeus in type IIa or IIb MG.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 1992

Although the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) is suspected as one of the most important fish host for human anisakiasis in Korea, no report has been made on the infection status of the sea eel with anisakid larvae. In the present study, 26 sea eels (Astroconger myriaster) were purchased from the Noryangjin 6sh market in Seoul, and anisakid larvae were collected from their viscera, muscle, head and skin. The collected larvae were classified by their morphological types. A total of 1,351 anisakid larvae were collected from 15 of 26 fish examined. Among them, 1,269 were recovered from the viscera, 66 from the muscle, and 16 from the head and skin. Morphologically, most of the anisakids were classified into 6 known larval types, Anisakis type I (564 larvae) of Berland(1961) , Contracaecum type A(409) and type D(5) of Koyama et at. (1969), Contracaecum type C'(83) and type D'(117) of Chai et at. (1986), and Contracaecum type V(1) of Yamaguti (1935). Remaining 172 specimens were new in the available literature, hence, designated as Centracaecum type A'(new type). The present results revealed that the sea eels caught in the Korean waters are heavily infected with anisakid larvae, not only in their viscera but also in the muscle, and Anisakis type I was the most common among the 7 larval types.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of periodic walking during hindlimb suspension on the mass, relative weight, fiber type distribution and cross-sectional area of Type I and II fibers in the developing Type II plantaris muscle. To examine the effectiveness of periodic walking on mass and fiber size, the hindlimbs of young female Wistar rats were suspended (HS group) and half of these rats walked on a treadmill for 45 min／day(15 min every 4 hours) at 5 meters／min at a 15 degree grade(HS-W group) After seven days of hindlimb suspension, the plantaris muscle wet weight was 28.40％ significantly smaller（P＜0.005） and relative plantaris muscle weight was 26.97％ smaller compared with those of control rats（P＜0.05）. The plantaris muscle wet weight and the relative plantaris muscle weight increased by 46.60％ and 49.23％ respectively with periodic walking, moreover. the plantaris muscle wet weight and the relative plantaris muscle weight of the HS-W rats recovered to the level of the control rats. No change was observed in fiber type percentage of the developing plantaris muscle following one week of hindlimb suspension or periodic walking during hindlimb suspension. Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the developing plantaris muscle were 42.51％ and 43. 68％ lower in the HS group than in the control group（p＜0.0001）, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the developing plantaris were 30.82％ and 45.97％ greater in the HS-W group than in the HS group（p＜0.0001）, whereas Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of HS-W group were less than those of the control group（P＜0.0001） The results suggest that periodic walking can attenuate developing plantaris muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1995

A total of 272 specimens of Todarodes pacificus purchased during the period from July 1 to August 30, 1994 in the southern sea off Pusan were examined for their infection status with larval anisakids. Larvae in squids were encapsulated and appeared to remain active. Firty five larval anisakids sorted from T. pacificus (7.72% of infection rate) were classified based on morphological and morphometric observations as follows; Anisakis type I larvae (23 larvae, 51.0%: positive rate), Contracaecum type A (9, 20.0%), Contracaecum D (4, 9.0%), Anisakis II (3, 6.7%) and unknown type (6, 13.3%).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.672-679
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• 2020

Distal myopathy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of degenerative diseases of the distal muscle. Glycogen storage disease type IXD (GSD9D) is a metabolic distal myopathy characterized by muscle deficiency of phosphorylase kinase, a key regulatory enzyme in glycogen metabolism. Affected individuals may develop muscle weakness, degeneration, and cramps, as well as abnormal muscle pain and stiffness after exercise. It has been reported that mutations in the PHKA1 gene which encodes the alpha subunit of muscle phosphorylase kinase cause GSD9D. In this study, we examined a Korean GSD9D family with a c.3314T>C (p.I1105T) mutation in the PHKA1 gene. This mutation has not been previously reported in any mutation database nor was it found in 500 healthy controls. The mutation region is well conserved in various other species, and in silico analysis predicts that it is likely to be pathogenic. To date, only seven mutations in the PHKA1 gene have been documented, and this is the first report of Korean GSD9D patients. This study also describes and compares the clinical symptoms and pathological conditions of previously reported cases and these Korean patients. We believe that our findings will be useful for the molecular diagnosis of GSD9D.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) was obtained from Differential Display Reverse Transcription (DDRT)-PCR using Annealing Control Primer (ACP) to search and clone genes related to developmental stages of Sebastes inermis. By using 120 ACPs, the nucleotide sequences obtained from 16 DEGs showing higher expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle than 18-month-old ones and from 22 DEGs displaying stronger expression in 18-month-old than 6-month-old were analyzed and BLAST was conducted. The results identified that DEGs shared 69~95% homology with genes of parvalbumin (PVALB), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) B, tropomyosin (TPM), troponin I (TnI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM2), small EDRK-rich factor 2 (SERF2), adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD), Trimeric intracellular cation channel type A (TRICA), Rho GTPase-activating protein 15 (ARHGAP15), S-formylglutathione hydrolase (Esterase D; ESD), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), type 1 collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2), glutathione S-transferase, Mid1-interacting protein 1 (Mid1lip1), myosin light chain 1 (MYL1), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1B (SERCA1B), and ferritin heavy subunit (FTH1). Expression pattern by developmental stage of DEG14 and PVALB exhibiting strong expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle was investigated using real time PCR. Expression was reduced as Sebastes inermis grew. Expression of PVALB gene was extremely low after 6 months of age. Expression of CKM2 showed higher expression in 18-month-old skeletal muscle than in 6-month-old muscles, and increased continuously until 4 years old, after which CKM2 expression became gradually reduced. By analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns of DEG, DEG14 was expressed mainly in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and spleen tissues, whereas PVALB expression was expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in liver and spleen tissues. CKM2 was expressed in skeletal muscle, kidney, and spleen tissues, but not in liver tissues. PVALB gene was composed of 110 amino acids, which constituted 659 bp nucleotides. The results reported here demonstrate that the expression patterns of parvalbumin and CKM2 could be used as molecular markers for selecting fishes exhibiting fast growth.