• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1993

Soil samples and the intestinal contents of arthropods, mollusca, pisces, aves, and mammals were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Demonstration of Clostridium botulimun was accomplished by identifying its toxin in liquid cultures inoculated with soil or material from the alimentary tract of tested animals with toxin neutralization tests in addition to morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. Incidences of Clostridium botulinum in tested samples were 5.0% in soil, 6.7% in mammal and 8.7% in fish, respectively. All of the positive cultures were identified as Clostridium botulinum type E and any other type was not demonstrated throughout the survey. Canned foods and solid ham/sausage mixture formulated as can with distilled water were inoculated with Clostridium botulinum type E and checked for toxin production by using the mouse bioassay. Clostridium botulinum type E toxin was produced as a large quantity in canned foods of fish, shell, meat and ham and, however, no significant toxin was detected in sausages and fruit samples.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

Botulinum toxin-A, a neurotoxin derived from Clostridia Botulinum, has been injected into the laryngeal muscle(s) for the treatment of the spasmodic dysphonia at the Voice Clinic, Yonsei Institute of Logopedics and phoniatrics since December 1995. We analyzed 355 patients with spasmodic dysphonia, using Botox register review. In the 355 patients, female is 86.8%. male is 13.2%. 305 patients (85.9%) had adductor type of spasmodic dysphonia and 35 patients (9.9%) were vocal tremor type and 15 patients were abduction and mixed type. Botulinum toxin type-A (Botox) injection using EMG was most frequently conducted as 587 cases, comparing with flexible nasopharyngoscopy gudied injection (68cases) and tele- laryn-goscopy guided injection (31cases). In the respect of frequency of Botox injection, 137 patients(38.6%) were injected one time but 1 patient was injected 17times. The mean dose of Botox is 6.2U. Clinically, initial dose of Botulinum toxin-A was high dose (7-8U) but current dose is small dose (3U). And the mean duration of Botox injection is 6.4 month. In conclusion, to optimize effect of the treatment for spasmodic dysphonia, Botulinum toxin-A injection is combined with voice therapy.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.499-505
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• 2006

Clostridium botulinum spores are widely distributed in nature. Type A and proteolytic type B bacteria produce heat-resistant spores that are primarily involved in most of the food-borne botulism outbreaks associated with low-acid canned foods. Food-borne botulism results from the consumption of food in which C. botulinum has grown and produced neurotoxin. Growth and toxin production of type A and proteolytic type B in canned foods can be prevented by the use of thermal sterilization alone or in combination with salt and nitrite. The hazardousness of C. botulinum in low-acid canned foods can also be reduced by preventing post-process contamination and introducing hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) practices during production. Effectiveness of non-thermal technologies such as high pressure processing with elevated process temperatures on inactivation of spores of C. botulinum will be discussed.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-131
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a case of persistent parotid fistula treated successfully with preoperative botulinum toxin type A injection into the parotid parenchyma, followed by fistulectomy. Methods: A 72-year-old female patient presented to the hospital with a 5-month history of clear, watery discharge from a tiny opening on the left cheek, which increased during food intake. A chemistry test of the fluid revealed an high amylase level. An ultrasonography of left parotid gland showed a $1.13{\times}0.6cm$ sized fistula. After demarcating the left parotid gland with assistance of ultrasonography, a total 40 units of botulinum toxin type A (Botox, Allergan, Irvine, CA) was injected into 4 subdivisions of the left parotid gland. The clear serous discharge ceased completely on the 5th day after botulinum toxin injection. On the 7th day, a fistulectomy was performed under the local anesthesia. Results: The parotid fistula healed completely without complications. During the 6-month follow up period, there was no discharge from the cheek. Conclusion: On the basis of our experience with type A botulinum toxin as a local anticholinergic agent in treating parotid fistula, preoperative botulinum toxin A injection seems to be very useful to prevent recurrence after fistulectomy.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.41 no.6 s.409
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• pp.450-454
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• 2003

The Purpose of this study is to report the effect botulinum toxin type A injection for the masseter hypertrophy patient with bruxism. Nine patients enrolled in this study were diagnosed as masseter hypertrophy associated with bruxism and the patients were injected with a 25U of botulinum toxin type A (BTXA:Lanzhou) to each masseter muscles. All nine patients showed marked reduction of masseter hypertrophy and eight patients reported the resolution of bruxism in 8 weeks after injection, with no significant complications. This preliminary study suggest that the botulinum toxin type A injection is an alternative method to treat the masseter hypertrophy with bruxism.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.417-421
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• 1997

Synaptobrevin is a kind of vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) which plays a secretary role in the neuronal synapse and was recently known as the biochemical target of botulinum neurotoxin type B. The structural gene of the synaptobrevin was cloned from mouse brain using RT-PCR technique and was seqrtenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that the synaptobrevin protein from mouse brain is exactly the same with that of the rat brain in the amino acid level. The synaptobrevin gene was subcloned into pET3a vector and expressed in E. coli. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was 19 kDa as expected. Moreover, when the recombinant synaptobrevin protein was incubated with the native neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B, it was cleaved by the toxin in a time dependent manner. This implies that the recombinant synaptobrevin protein and the native toxin are reacted in the same way as the native synaptobrevin did in the neuronal cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2008

Many neurotoxigenic clostridia are found in soil. Among animals, birds are especially susceptible to botulism, perhaps because they feed on insects, invertebrate carcasses, and decayed feeds contaminated with spores of Clostridium (C.) botulinum. C. botulinum type C is mainly involved in avian botulism. In the summer of 2005, death of a mute swan (cygnus olor) living in the pond of large bird cage was found in Seoul Grand Park Zoo. The birds presented presumptive clinical signs of botulism, such as ruffled hackle feathers, abnormal posture of the head, weakness, and flaccid paralysis. At that time, pond water in the breeding facilities was drained for 7 days, but there were still remained water containing sediment of feed and feces. Therefore, botulism was suspected and an experimentation were made to detect C. botulinum in the dead mute swan. Gross post-mortem findings of a mute swan showed jelly-like hemorrhagic contents in the intestine, sands and vegetations in the stomach. C. botulinum was isolated from the liver, small intestine and large intestine samples. Botulism was also confirmed by mouse inoculation test with the organ samples. With PCR, a gene encoding C. botulinum type C toxin was detected for the several organs of the mute swan died. These results suggested that death of mute swan was caused by C. botulinum type C.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : The vocal fold granuloma has been associated with vocal abuse, gastroesophageal reflux, endotracheal intubation and habitual throat clearing etc.. Granuloma is benign growth of hypertrophic granulation tissue. It is usually located on the posterior third of vocal fold, in one or both vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage In spite of the voice therapy, steroid therapy, anti-reflex therapy and surgical procedure. The distinct advantage and uniform success rate of each methods have not been generally shown. Authors report that localized injection of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX$^{\circledR}$) is the promising method both as an initial treatment and as an alternative treatment in patients who do not respond to standard therapy or who are poor surgical candidates. Materials and Method : We carried out a retrospective study of 9 patients with the diagnosis of vocal fold granuloma on the videostroboscopic examination from Jan 2000 to Mar 2003. The botulinum toxin type A was injected into one or both thyroarytenoid muscle or lateral cricoarytenoid muscle under the electromyography. The average dosage ranges from 6U to 8U per injection. Results : Unilateral vocal fold granuloma in 7 patients had been resolved completely within 2-3 months after first injection : 5 patients received th\ulcorner GER medical therapy in addition to the Botulinum toxin injections, 2 patients was resolved completely who had shown recurrence after $CO_2$ laser vaporization. 2 patients who had shown recurrence after $1^st$ injection were also completely resolved within 6 months after further injections. Conclusion : We expect that localized injection of Botulinum toxin type A can provide an alternative treatment for the refractory cases to the traditional forms of therapy and avoid the recurrence in conjunction with proper medical and voice therapy against GER and vocal abuse.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 1982

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the so-called "double-sandwich"technique was applied to determine Clostridium botulinum type F toxin. Polystyrene tubes were coated with horse anti-type F toxin serum and then toxin sample was added. The tubes were subsequently treated with rabbit anti-type F toxin IgG and sheep anti-rabbit serum IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. By this technique, about 10 mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses (ip LD/50/) of type F toxin could be detected. Low back-ground reading was achieved with the use of phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% bovine serum albumin as diluents of rabbit IgG and conjugate. Addition of EDTA in the diluents of toxin increased ELISA extinction value significantly. No cross-reaction was observed with botulinum type A and B toxin, but type E toxin gave sleight cross-reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-11
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• 2019

Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been widely used to treat muscle spasms in many voice disorders. Most commercially available forms of BTX require reconstitution before use, which may increase the risk of contamination and requires careful titration. Recently, a liquid-type BTX type A (BTX-A) has been developed, which should simplify the procedure and enhance its efficacy. In this session, I will discuss about the differences of BTX-A from existing types and the practical issues associated with it.