• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.7 s.96
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• pp.813-820
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• 2004

This paper proposes a digital image watermarking which is robust to geometric distortions using an independent component analysis(ICA) of fixed-point(FP) algorithm based on secant method. The FP algorithm of secant method is applied for better performance in a separation time and rate, and ICA is applied to reject the prior knowledges for original image, key, and watermark such as locations and size, etc. The proposed method embeds the watermark into the spatial domain of original image The proposed watermarking technique has been applied to lena, key, and two watermarks(text and Gaussian noise) respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method has higher speed and better rate for extracting the original images than the FP algorithm of Newton method. And the proposed method has a watermarking which is robust to geometric distortions such as resizing, rotation, and cropping. Especially, the watermark of images with Gaussian noise has better extraction performance than the watermark with text since Gaussian noise has lower correlation coefficient than the text to the original and key images. The watermarking of ICA doesn't require the prior knowledge for the original images.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.14 no.4 s.39
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• pp.433-449
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• 2006

Two primary objectives of this study were to determine important personal factors in performing cognitive distance mapping, and to understand how human's cognitive distance mapping capabilities were influenced by reference and subjects' locations using Global Positioning System (GPS). Undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Kansas, USA were interviewed and surveyed throughout the campus area giving them a paper-and-pencil test. Study results showed that females had more accurate cognitive mapping capability than males regardless of ethnic background and academic levels. Generally, subjects with longer affiliation with the university, higher ages and academic levels had less variability in their mapping accuracy. Subjects tended to more accurately map the target locations closer to the reference points than those located farther away, and subjects who were closer to a reference point performed their distance mapping better than those farther away. A correlation analysis reported that male subjects used reference-to-target and subject-to-reference distances more sensitively than females to estimate the locations of the targets. This result indicates that males might have used the reference point-based map scale more strenuously than females.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to propose a new reference point for measurement of the infrasternal angle and to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of infrasternal angle measurement using photographs. Methods: Twenty-four healthy male college students participated as subjects in this study. Photographs were taken of subjects in two postures, one standing with the shoulders relaxed and one standing with the shoulders at $150^{\circ}$ abduction. All photographs were analyzed using Image J software. Raters used the photographs to measure the infrasternal angle between the xiphoid process, the medial margin of rib and navel on the right and left sides. The reliability of the infrasternal angle measurement was assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC (3,1)]. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of the infrasternal angle measurement for the right side at rest were excellent (ICC=0.866 and 0.813, respectively), as were those for the left side at rest (ICC=0.919 and 0.846, respectively). At $150^{\circ}$ shoulder abduction, the intra- and inter-rater reliabilities for measurement of the infrasternal angle on the right side were excellent (ICC=0.972 and 0.778, respectively), as were those for the left side (ICC=0.914 and 0.826, respectively). Conclusion: These findings suggest that this technique can be successfully used to measure the infrasternal angle, thus suggesting a new reference point for determining the length of the internal oblique and external oblique muscles in clinical situations.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify kinematic variables that govern successful performance and judges' scores and to establish correlative relationships among those of Yurchenko layout with a full twist in female vaults. Method: Four video cameras with sampling rate of 60 Hz collected 32 motion data of Yurchenko vaults from twenty-two female participants (age: $18.6{\pm}3.6years$, height: $153.0{\pm}6.5cm$, mass: $44.7{\pm}7.3kg$) during national competition. Posting processing and calculations of kinematic variables were performed in Kwon 3D XP and $Matlab^{(R)}$ programs. Correlation and regression analyses were applied to find the relationships between the obtained scores and kinematic variables. Deterministic model (Hay & Reid, 1988) was used to investigate the strength of correlative relationships among kinematic variables. Results: The obtained scores from the judges' decision were mainly affected by post-flight peak height, horse contact time, knee angle at landing, and horse takeoff angle. Strong blocking during horse contact was required to get successful performance and obtain high scores. Modified deterministic model showed that round-off entrance and takeoff angles and resultant velocity of the center of mass (CM) during the roundoff phase were the starting variables affecting performance in the following kinematics. Knee angle at landing, a highly influential variable on the obtained point, was only determined by judges' decision without significant correlative relationship with previous kinematic variables. Conclusion: The obtained scores highly depended on kinematic variables of post-flight and horse contact phases that were affected by those from the previous phases including round-off postures and resultant velocity of the body center of mass.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.63-67
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• 2008

Geostatistical inverse approach using geophysical data was applied to indirectly make the RMR classification at points apart from boreholes. The geostatistical appoach was usually used to find optimized estimation which supports two or more different physical properties at unsampled points. However, in this study, an approach to solve inverse problem was proposed. The primary variable, RMR values obtained at known boreholes, is geostatistically simulated with many realization at pre-defined grid point according to the variogram model. The simulated values are sequentially compared with the physical property resulted from geophysical survey at an arbitrary grid point, and the most similar one is chosen. This process means that the spatial distribution of primary variable, RMR, is conformed well to the original pattern of the borehole observation, and ensure to fit the geophysical survey result to reflect the correlation between different physical properties.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between Forward Head Posture(FHP) and Craniomandlbular Disorders(CMDs). Many studies reported that there was some relationship between them, however, there is still controversy. So It Is necessary to observe and compare many more patients with CMDs wirh normal controls. For the study 85 patients with CMDs and 37 dental students were selected as experimentals and controls, respectively. And the experimentals were classified Into two groups, that is, TMJ internal derangement group and muscle disorders group according to clinical diagnosis. For measuring the FHP, CROM(Cervical-Range-of-Notion)was used. This goniometer is composed of three part. First, gravity goniometer for flexion and extension. Second, magnetic compass and yoke for rotational movement. And last, forward head arm and vertebra locator for forward head posture. Next T-Scan, electronic occlusal analyzer, was used for recording of occlusal contact state. Other items such as maximum opening, lateral excursion, Helkimo's anamnestic index, and muscle palpation point from Friction's craniomandibular index were checked clinically by one examiner. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In male, control group showed much more measurement in resting forward head posture than did experimental group. But there were not significant differences between groups in female subject. From this results, the author contended that CROM is new measuring system and differ from other goniometers in some aspect, so that results should be re-evaluated 2. Mean value of maximum mouth opening in nearly all groups were greater than 40mm. and mouth opening had a significant correlation with occlusal force and with anamnestic index both sex. 3. Mean value of palpation point had not any correlationship with forward head posture in both sex, but there was significant difference between upper and lower group by rounded shouldes. 4. In summary, there was no significant relationship between forward head posture and sign and symptom of Craniomandibular Disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.53-60
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate user satisfaction with village bathhouses, selected from a two-year pilot project of common facilities for seniors in rural areas from 2014 to 2015. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to evaluate user satisfaction, and 96 questionnaires were collected from 10 village bathhouses. User satisfaction was evaluated in five categories with a five-point scale: location and spatial composition; emotions and intimacy; safety; hygiene and equipment; and maintenance and management. The results are as follows. First, scores on hygiene and equipment stood at four points or higher, indicating higher user satisfaction. However, scores on the other four categories were below four points. But when overall user satisfaction was evaluated on a five-point scale, the average score stood at 4.13out of five points and 89.5 out of 100 points. These findings suggest that users were generally satisfied with the bathhouses. Second, a comparison of bathing patterns from before and after bathhouse construction in villages revealed that 42.7% of residents had previously gone to neighboring villages to bathe. Local bathhouse construction led to an increase in overall bathing frequency, exerting a beneficial effect on hygiene. Third, general user satisfaction correlated more closely with items related to location and spatial composition than items of other categories, indicating that the architectural elements of the bathhouses have a major impact. Finally, access to a bathhouse at all times showed strong correlation with satisfaction levels, suggesting a need for the establishment of more bathhouses throughout rural areas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.993-1001
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• 2015

Comparing to the other air pollutants like $SO_2$, CO, the number of exceedance of the ozone national ambient air quality standard(NAAQS) and the ozone warning increased recently in Busan. The purpose of this study is to find out the preliminary symptoms for high ozone days in Busan area. In order to find out the preliminary symptoms, the hourly ozone data at air quality monitoring stations and the hourly meterological parameters at Busan regional meteorological 2007 to 2013 were used for the analysis. Averaged daily max ozone concentration was the highest(0.055 ppm) at Noksan and Youngsuri in the ozone season from 2007 to 2013. The horizontal distributions of daily max. ozone including all stations in Busan at high ozone days(the day exceeding 0.1 ppm of ozone concentration at least one station) were classified from two to five clusters by hierarchial cluster analysis. The meteorological variables showing strong correlation with daily max. ozone were the daily mean dew point temperature, averaged total insolation, the daily mean relative humidity and the daily mean cloud amount. And the most frequent levels were $19-23^{\circ}C$ in dew point temperature, $21-24 MJ/m^2$ in total insolation on the day before, $2.6-3.0 MJ/m^2$ on the very day, 67-80% in relative humidity and 0-3 in cloud amount.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.43-50
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• 2020

The Doam Lake watershed is one of the non-point source management areas announced by the Ministry of Environment, and is a constant problem for the stream ecosystem dut to Storm water. In this study, a total of 48(rainfall) and 47(non-rainfall) sites were investigated for the entire watershed (Samyangcheon, Chahangcheon, Hoenggyecheon, Yongpyeongcheon, Songcheon, Lake Doam) on August 15, 2019 and on October 18, 2019 to estimate the source of turbid water in the Doam Lake watershed. Subsequently, water quality analysis was performed on Suspended Soild (SS), Turbidity, Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Biochemical Oxygen Demands (BOD) and correlation among water quality parameters was analyzed based on the analyzed samples. As a result, most of the turbid water generated during rainfall was in highland fields. During rainfall, Hoengyecheon had the highest average SS concentration among all streams, and during non-rainfall, the average SS concentration was highest in Yongpyeongcheon, so the two stream were selected as vulnerable areas. However, since Yongpyeongcheon may be a temporary phenomenon due to river construction, additional continuous monitoring is required. Therefore, in the Doam Lake watershed, intensive management is required for vulnerable areas.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.132-143
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between health literacy competencies and patient-centered care among clinical nurses. Methods: The participants of this study were 254 nurses working in two hospitals in the D region. The data were collected from July to August 2020. The health literacy competencies for registered nurses scale and individualized care scale were utilized. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The mean of health literacy competencies was 3.16±0.31 points on a four-point scale, and the average of patient-centered care was 3.69±0.50 points on a five-point scale. Regarding the nurses' general characteristics, patient-centered care showed significant differences according to age (F=4.68, p=.010), marital status (t=-2.38, p=.018), religion (F=3.03, p=.030), total clinical experience (F=2.94, p=.021) and prior health literacy knowledge (t=3.20, p=.002). As a result of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, health literacy competencies (β=.63) were found to significantly influence patient-centered care. The explanatory power of the model was 41.0% (F=25.58, p<.001). Conclusion: The study suggests that nurse's health literacy competencies should be developed in order to improve patient-centered care. Nursing education should include an emphasis on integrating health literacy into the nursing school curriculum.