• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.90.1-90.1
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• 2010

Due to the rapidly diminishing energy sources and higher energy production cost, the interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been increasing dramatically in recent years. A typical DSSC is constructed of wide band gap semiconductor electrode such as $TiO_2$ or ZnO that are anchored by light-harvesting sensitizer dyes and surrounded by a liquid electrolyte with a iodide ion/triiodide ion redox couple. DSSCs based on one-dimensional nano-structures, such as ZnO nanorods, have been recently attracting increasing attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transmittance, diverse and abundant configurations, direct band gap, absence of toxicity, large exiton binding energy, etc. However, solar-to-electrical conversion performances of DSSCs composed of ZnO n-type photo electrode compared with that of $TiO_2$ are not satisfactory. An important reason for the low photovoltaic performance is the dissolution of $Zn^{2+}$ by the adsorption of acidic dye followed by the formation of agglomerates with dye molecules which could block the I-diffusion pathway into the dye molecule on the ZnO surface. In this paper, we prepared the DSSC with the ZnO electrode using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method under low temperature condition (< $100^{\circ}C$). It was demonstrated that the ZnO seed layers played an important role on the formation of the ZnO nanostructures using CBD. To achieve truly low-temperature growth of the ZnO nanostructures on the substrates, a two-step method was developed and optimized in the present work. Firstly, ZnO seed layer was prepared on the FTO substrate through the spin-coating method. Secondly, the deposited ZnO seed substrate was immersed into an aqueous solution of 0.25M zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25M hexamethylenetetramine at $90^{\circ}C$ for hydrothermal reaction several times.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.111.1-111.1
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• 2010

This paper focuses on a systematic configuration of steam reforming fuel processor, particularly designed for small and medium sized hydrogen production application. In a typical integration of the fuel processor, there exist significant temperature gradients over the entire system which has negative effect on both catalyst life-time and system performance. Also, the volumetric inefficiency should be avoided to obtain the possible compactness for the commercial purpose. In the present work, the computational analysis will be performed to gain the fundamental insight on the transport phenomena and chemical reactions in the reformer consisting of preheating, steam reforming (SR), and water gas shift (WGS) reaction beds in the flow direction. Also, the fuel processing system includes a top-fired burner providing necessary thermal energy for endothermic catalytic reactor. A fully two-dimensional numerical modeling for a integrated fuel processing system is introduced for in-depth analysis of the heat and mass transport phenomena based on surface kinetics and catalytic process. In the model, water gas shift reaction and decomposition reaction were assumed to be at equilibrium. A kinetic model was developed and then computational results were compared with the experimental data available in the literature. Finally, the case study was done by considering the key parameters, i.e. steam to carbon (S/C) ratio and temperature. The computer-aided models developed in this study can be greatly utilized for the design of advanced fast-paced compact fuel processors research.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.825-831
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• 1996

폭약의 폭발시 발생되는 초고압 충격 에너지를 이용한 강-티타늄 이종재질의 폭발접합 특성을 한요소기법에 의하여 실험적인 방법으로는 해석하기 어려운 미시적 관점의 접합조건을 해석하였다. 서로 다른 이종재질간의 접합에서 HI-DYNA2D 유한요소 코드를 이용한 계산결과에 의하면 충돌부근에서의 압력크기는 기존에 수행하였던 Oberg등의 수치적 해석결과와 잘 일치하고 있다. 한편, 폭약이 정상적인 폭발에너지를 발생시키기 위해서는 폭약이 30mm이상의 두께를 유지하여야 하며 50mm이상의 폭약두께는 폭접소재의 접합에 별다른 영향을 주지 못하고 있다. 즉, 폭약을 적게 사용하면 접합에너지가 부족하여 접합이 약하고, 폭약이 과도하게 많게되면 폭약의 손실이 많이 되므로 폭발용접 설계시 이들의 양을 미리 명확하게 예측하는 것이 대단히 중요함을 제시하였다. 한 평행한 상태에서 강-티타늄 이중소재를 접합할 경우의 이격거리는 3-5mm로 유지하는 것이 가장 양호한 접합상태를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구에서는 폭발용접의 접합특성 해석과 이에 강-티타늄 이종재질의 접합 설계조건을 실험적인 방법으로 구하지 않고, HI-DYNA2D 코드를 활용한 반복작업을 통하여 접합조건의 설계데이터를 충분히 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.184-195
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• 1995

A theoretical one-dimensional model for the charging process in stratified thermal storage tanks is established presuming that the fluid ensuing from the tank inlet creates a perfectly mixed, layer above the thermocline. Both the generic and asymptotic closed-form solutions are obtained via the Laplace transformation. The asymptotic solution describes the nature of the charging pertaining to the case of no thermal diffusion, whereas the generic solution is of practical importance to understand the role of operating parameters on the stratification. The present model is validated through comparison with available experimental data, where they agree well with each other within a reasonable limit. An interpretation of the exact solution entails two important features associated with the charging process. The first is that an in-crease in the mixing depth $h_m$ causes a relatively slow temperature rise in the perfectly mixed region, but on the other hand it results in a faster decay of the overall temperature gradient across the thermocline. Next is the predominance of the mixing depth in the presence of the prefectly mixed region. In such a case the effect of the Peclet number is marginal and there-fore the thermal characteristics are solely dependent on the mixing depth paticularly for large $h_m$. The Peclet number affects significantly only for the case without mixing. Variation of the storage efficiency in response to the change in the mass flow rate agrees favorably with the published experimental results, which confirms the utility of the present study.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 다중 버너를 채택한 2 t/h 급 수관식 보일러 휜(fin)이 설치된 증발관 모듈이 제안하였다. 휜의 형상은 보일러를 구성하는 각각의 모듈에서 고르게 증발이 이루어질 수 있도록 설계하였다. 이를 위해서 기존의 벌크 설계 과정이 아닌 각각의 열에 대해 에너지 보존을 고려하는 방식으로 설계를 수행하였다. 설계한 증발관 모듈로 2 t/h 급 수관식 보일러를 제작하여 성능을 실험하여 설계를 검증하였다. 설계 과정에서 고려되지 않은 입구 조건 등의 2, 3차원 효과를 파악하기 위하여 수치해석을 병행하였다. 수치해석은 휜 팁의 온도도 예측하기 위하여 증발관의 전도를 포함한 복합열전달해석을 하였다. 휜이 설치될 경우 휜의 크기와 밀도가 증가할수록 열전달 계수가 상관식보다 낮아졌고 수치해석으로 구한 휜 팁의 온도는 해석해로 예측한 값보다 높게 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

EFP(Fitness For Purpose) type defect assessment methodologies based on ECA(Engineering Critical Analysis) have been established and are in use for the structural integrity evaluation of gas pipelines. ECA usually includes the fracture mechanics analysis, and it is assumed that the J-integral uniquely characterizes the crack-tip stress-strain field. However, it has been proven that the J-integral alone can not be sufficient to characterize the crack-tip field under low levels of constraint with a single parameter. Since pipeline structures are made of ductile material, locally loaded in tension, cracks may experience low level of constraint, and therefore, J-dominance will be lost. For this reason, the level of constraint must be quantified to establish a precise assessment procedure for pipeline defects. The objective of this paper is to investigate the fracture behavior of a crack in gas pipeline(KS D 3507) by quantifying the level of constraint. For this purpose, tensile tests and CTOD tests were performed at room temperature(24$\^{C}$) and low temperature(-40$\^{C}$) to obtain the material properties. J-Q analyses were performed for SENB and SENT specimens based on 2-D finite element analyses, in order to investigate the in-plane constraint effects on pipeline defects. For precise assessment of cracks, especially shallow cracks, in KS D 3507 pipeline, constraint effect must be considered.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.8-19
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• 2016

This paper investigates the effects of inlet turbulence conditions and near-wall treatment methods on the heat transfer prediction of gas turbine vanes within the range of engine relevant turbulence conditions. The two near-wall treatment methods, the wall-function and low-Reynolds number method, were combined with the SST and ${\omega}RSM$ turbulence model. Additionally, the RNG $k-{\varepsilon}$, SSG RSM, and $SST_+{\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ transition model were adopted for the purpose of comparison. All computations were conducted using a commercial CFD code, CFX, considering a three-dimensional, steady, compressible flow. The conjugate heat transfer method was applied to all simulation cases with internally cooled NASA turbine vanes. The CFD results at mid-span were compared with the measured data under different inlet turbulence conditions. In the SST solutions, on the pressure side, both the wall-function and low-Reynolds number method exhibited a reasonable agreement with the measured data. On the suction side, however, both wall-function and low-Reynolds number method failed to predict the variations of heat transfer coefficient and temperature caused by boundary layer flow transition. In the ${\omega}RSM$ results, the wall-function showed reasonable predictions for both the heat transfer coefficient and temperature variations including flow transition onset on suction side, but, low-Reynolds methods did not properly capture the variation of the heat transfer coefficient. The $SST_+{\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ transition model showed variation of the heat transfer coefficient on the transition regions, but did not capture the proper transition onset location, and was found to be much more sensitive to the inlet turbulence length scale. Overall, the Reynolds stress model and wall function configuration showed the reasonable predictions in presented cases.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2007

Precision injection molding process is of great importance since precision optical products such as CD, DVD and various lens are manufactured by those process. In such products, birefringence affects the optical performance while residual stress that determines the geometric precision level. Therefore, it is needed to study residual stress and birefringence that affect deformation and optical quality, respectively in precision optical product. In the present study, we tried to predict residual stress, final shrinkage and birefringence in injection molded parts in a systematic way, and compared numerical results with the corresponding experimental data. Residual stress and birefringence can be divided into two parts, namely flow induced and thermally induced portions. Flow induced birefringence is dominant during the flow, whereas thermally induced stress is much higher than flow induced one when amorphous polymer undergoes rapid cooling across the glass transition region. A numerical system that is able to predict birefringence, residual stress and final shrinkage in injection molding process has been developed using hybrid finite element-difference method for a general three dimensional thin part geometry. The present modeling attempts to integrate the analysis of the entire process consistently by assuming polymeric materials as nonlinear viscoelastic fluids above a no-flow temperature and as linear viscoelastic solids below the no-flow temperature, while calculating residual stress, shrinkage and birefringence accordingly. Thus, for flow induced ones, the Leonov model and stress-optical law are adopted, while the linear viscoelastic model, photoviscoelastic model and free volume theory taking into account the density relaxation phenomena are employed to predict thermally induced ones. Special cares are taken of the modeling of the lateral boundary condition which can consider product geometry, histories of pressure and residual stress. Deformations at and after ejection have been considered using thin shell viscoelastic finite element method. There were good correspondences between numerical results and experimental data if final shrinkage, residual stress and birefringence were compared.

• 에너지공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.209-215
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 수평 가공층의 하부에서 가열하고 상부에서 냉각하는 자연대류현상을 Brinkman-Darcy 방정식을 이용하고 하부 경계면에서 상부 경계면으로 균일한 관통류가 있을 경우를 고려하여 수직 관통류가 자연대류에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 관통류가 없을 경우의 임계 Rayleigh수와 있을 경우의 임계 Rayleigh수를 비교하였다. 또, 일정한 Rayleigh수에서의 관통류의 세기에 따른 Nusselt수, 등온선의 형태, 유동현상의 변화를 고찰하였다. 이와 같은 연구를 하기 위해 수치 해석적 연구로는 2차원 비정상 유동으로 가정하고 유한차분법(FDM)을 이용하였으며, 실험적 연구에서는 수치해석상의 결과를 검증하기 위해 액정(Liquid Crystal)을 시험체적 앞면에 부착하여 관통류의 세기에 따른 온도장의 재 분포를 가시화 하였다. 결론적으로 관통류는 순수 자연대류상에서의 온도장의 형태를 크게 변화시키고, 관통류의 세기가 강해짐으로써 대류 열전달의 불안정성이 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또, Nusselt수를 구함으로써 대류열전달의 강도를 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 1994

(0001),(1012) 및 (1120)면 sapphire 기판위에 성장되는 (0001), (1120) 및 (1011)면 GaN epitaxy 박막을 Ga/HCI/NH3/He 계를 사용한 HVPE(halide vapor phase epitaxy)방법에 의하여 성장시키는 연구를 수행하였다. 박막의 표면조직과 결정구조는 XRD, RHEED와 SEM으로 분석하였으며, 성장된 막의 화학적 조성은 XPS로 관찰되었다. (1120) sapphire위에는 각각 (0001)과 (1120) GaN epitaxy 박막의 두가지 배향관계가 관찰되었다. (0001)면 GaN epitaxy 박막은 (0001)과 (1120)면 sapphire 기판위에서 1050℃ 의 고온으로 성장시킬 때 이차원적인 성장구조를 보여주였으며, (1120) sapphire 기판위에 성장된 (1011) GaN 박막이 주사전자현미경과 RHEED 분석결과 가장 좋은 표면조직과 결정구조를 보여주었다.