• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.159-171
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• 2007

This paper proposes a software tool MADE that is useful to develop a practical Korean morphological analyzer. A morphological analysis is performed by using adjacency conditions provided by a morphological dictionary. This means that developing a morphological analyzer is reduced merely to constructing a morphological dictionary. No programming skill is required in this process, MADE provides with useful functions that facilitate the construction of a dictionary. Once a dictionary is constructed, the morphological analysis engine embedded in MADE may be used as a stand-alone morphological analyzer or be integrated into an application software which requires a Korean morphological analysis module.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.200-203
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• 1995

This paper proposes a spoken Korean processing model which is extensible to large vocabulary continuous spoken Korean system. The integration of phoneme level speech recognition with natural language processing can support a sophisticated phonological/morphological analysis. The model consists of a diphone speech recognizer, a viterbi dictionaly searcher and a morpheme connectivity information checker. Two-level hierarchical TDNNs recognize newly defined Korean diphones. The diphone sequences are segmented and converted to the most probable morpheme sequences by the Viterbi dictionary searcher. The morpheme sequency are then examined by the morpheme connectivity information checker and the correct morpheme sequence which has the greatest probability is collected. The experiments show that the morphological analysis for spoken Korean can be achieved for 328 Eojeols with 80.6% success rate.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.140-145
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• 1994

형태소 분석은 단위 형태소를 분리한 후에 변형이 일어난 형태소의 원형을 복원하고, 분리된 단위 형태소들로부터 단어 형성 규칙에 맞는 연속된 형태소들을 구하는 과정이다. 이러한 일련의 분석 과정은 독립적인 특성이 강하면서 각 모듈이 서로 밀접하게 연관되어 있으므로 Two-level 모델에서는 형태론적 변형뿐만 아니라 형태소 분리 문제를 통합 규칙으로 처리하고 있다. 그러나 한국어에 Two-level 모델을 적응해 보면 형태소 분리와 형태론적 변형이 복합되어 있어서 교착어의 특성과 관계되는 단어 유형을 분석할 때 비효율적인 요소가 발견된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 교착어인 한국어의 형태소 분석시에 발생하는 문제점들을 해결하는데 적합한 방법론으로 다층 형태론(multi-level morphology)과 다단계 모델(multi-level model)을 제안한다.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2017

Traditional Korean morphological analysis and POS tagging methods usually consist of two steps: 1 Generat hypotheses of all possible combinations of morphemes for given input, 2 Perform POS tagging search optimal result. require additional resource dictionaries and step could error to the step. In this paper, we tried to solve this problem end-to-end fashion using sequence-to-sequence model convolutional features. Experiment results Sejong corpus sour approach achieved 97.15% F1-score on morpheme level, 95.33% and 60.62% precision on word and sentence level, respectively; s96.91% F1-score on morpheme level, 95.40% and 60.62% precision on word and sentence level, respectively.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1999.10e
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• pp.491-496
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• 1999

한국어 형태소 분석 방법 중 좌우 최장일치법은 분석 모델은 단순하지만 분석 후보의 과생성과 backtracking 발생 문제 등으로 인하여 연구가 미진하였다. 또한 Two-level 모델은 최장일치법에서 나타나는 문제점, 많은 two-level 규칙의 필요성, 그리고 중간 결과의 이용 문제로 인하여 한국어에 거의 적용되지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 형태소 분석의 일반적인 모델로 알려진 Two-level 모델의 단점인 backtracking 문제와 분석 후보의 과생성 문제 그리고 중간 결과의 미사용 문제를 좌우 최장일치법을 이용하여 처리하는 방법론을 제안하고 좌우 최장일치법이 한국어 형태소 분석 방법에 효율적으로 적용될 수 있음을 제시한다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1313-1320
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• 2005

Stenosed coronary artery may play an important role in various coronary heart diseases. However, it has not been known how much stenosed coronary artery affects coronary circulation system, quantitatively. The present study developed a mathematical model for microcirculation in the left common coronary artery (LCCA) with adopting a previously measured morphological data and mechanical properties of the coronary vessels. We examine the effect of percent diameter stenosis on blood flow rate and shear stress for two cases. Case I comprised of one-stenosed element at $10^{th}$ order ($\%$ diameter stenosis are 10, 30, and 50, respectively). Case II consisted of completely occluded element at $10^{th}$ order (number of occluded elements are 0, 1, and 2 out of 8, respectively). As the level of stenosis becomes severe, the shear stress increases significantly but the flow rate reduction was relatively small. However, for the occluded case, there was linearly proportional reduction of flow rate according to number of occluded elements. Either such high shear stress associated with coronary artery stenosis or reduced flow rate due to occlusion may cause atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.120-122
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• 2007

All living organisms use numerous signal-transduction pathways to sense and respond to their environments and thereby survive and proliferate in a range of biological niches. Molecular dissection of these signalling networks has increased our understanding of these communication processes and provides a platform for therapeutic intervention when these pathways malfunction in disease states, including infection. Owing to the expanding availability of sequenced genomes, a wealth of genetic and molecular tools and the conservation of signalling networks, members of the fungal kingdom serve as excellent model systems for more complex, multicellular organisms. Here, we employed Cryptococcus neoformans as a model system to understand how fungal-signalling circuits operate at the molecular level to sense and respond to a plethora of environmental stresses, including osmoticshock, UV, high temperature, oxidative stress and toxic drugs/metabolites. The stress-activated p38/Hog1 MAPK pathway is structurally conserved in many organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals, but its regulation is uniquely specialized in a majority of clinical Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A and D strains to control differentiation and virulence factor regulation. C. neoformans Hog1 MAPK is controlled by Pbs2 MAPK kinase (MAPKK). The Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK cascade is controlled by the fungal "two-component" system that is composed of a response regulator, Ssk1, and multiple sensor kinases, including two-component.like (Tco) 1 and Tco2. Tco1 and Tco2 play shared and distinct roles in stress responses and drug sensitivity through the Hog1 MAPK system. Furthermore, each sensor kinase mediates unique cellular functions for virulence and morphological differentiation. We also identified and characterized the Ssk2 MAPKKK upstream of the MAPKK Pbs2 and the MAPK Hog1 in C. neoformans. The SSK2 gene was identified as a potential component responsible for differential Hog1 regulation between the serotype D sibling f1 strains B3501 and B3502 through comparative analysis of their meiotic map with the meiotic segregation of Hog1-dependent sensitivity to the fungicide fludioxonil. Ssk2 is the only polymorphic component in the Hog1 MAPK module, including two coding sequence changes between the SSK2 alleles in B3501 and B3502 strains. To further support this finding, the SSK2 allele exchange completely swapped Hog1-related phenotypes between B3501 and B3502 strains. In the serotype A strain H99, disruption of the SSK2 gene dramatically enhanced capsule biosynthesis and mating efficiency, similar to pbs2 and hog1 mutations. Furthermore, ssk2, pbs2, and hog1 mutants are all hypersensitive to a variety of stresses and completely resistant to fludioxonil. Taken together, these findings indicate that Ssk2 is the critical interface protein connecting the two-component system and the Pbs2-Hog1 pathway in C. neoformans.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8617-8622
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• 2014

The goal of this study was to establish paclitaxel resistant MCF-7 cells, as in vitro model, to identify the molecular mechanisms leading to acquired chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. Resistant cells were developed by stepwise increasing exposure to paclitaxel. Gene expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 along with protein levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9 were evaluated in two resistant cell lines (MCF-7/Pac64 and MCF-7/Pac5 nM). Morphological modifications in paclitaxel resistance cells were examined by light microscopy and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). As an important indicator of resistance to chemotheraputic agents, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio showed a significant increase in both MCF-7/Pac5nM and MCF-7/Pac 64nM cells (p<0.001), while caspase-9 levels were decreased (p<0.001) and caspase-8 was increased (p<0.001). FACS analysis demonstrated that MCF-7/Pac64 cells were smaller than MCF-7 cells with no difference in their granularity. Our results support the idea that paclitaxel induces apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent manner. Identifying breast cancer patients with a higher Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase 9 level and then inhibiting the activity of these proteins may improve the efficacy of chemotheraputic agents.