• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore housing characteristics of young single- or two-person households in the U.S. metropolitan urban areas and determinants of their housing cost burden. Total 764 single-person households, 744 two-person households and 424 households with three or more persons were selected from the 2011 American Housing Survey public-use microdata for the study based on specific sampling criteria. The major findings are as follows: (1) In comparisons with larger households, single- or two-person households were characterized to be headed by younger householders, to have less income, and to have a greater proportion of households living in central cities of metropolitan areas, renting housing units, living in smaller size units or multifamily structures; (3) housing cost of single- or two-person households were significantly less than a larger households while housing costs per unit square footage (SQFT) of single- or two-person households was significantly greater; (4) regardless of the household size, there are many household headed by young college graduates paying too much of their income for housing, and single-person households were found to have the greatest housing cost burden; and (5) a linear combination of low-income status, monthly housing costs per unit SQFT, annual household income, and unit SQFT per person was found to be most efficient to predict single- or two-person households with housing cost burden.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-56
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• 2005

This paper used two threshold approaches to measure the equity in urban households' out-of-pocket payments for health care from 1997 to 2002, which developed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer. One approach used catastrophic health expenditure, which means that payments exceed a 'pre-specified proportion' of total consumption expenditures or ability to pay and the other used impoverishment that they did not drive households into poverty. Indicies for 'catastrophic expenditure' captured intensity as well as its incidence and also the degree of which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measure of poverty impact also captured both intensity and incidence. The methods applied with data on out-of-pocket payments from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey Incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments - both in terms of total household consumption as well as ability to pay - increased between 1997 and 2002, and that both incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic expenditure' became less concentrated among the poor, but more concentrated in 2001 than in 1997. The incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments increased between 1997 and 2002. Health security system may not have provided financial protection against catastrophic health expenditure to low-income households, because of high user fee policy not considering income level. The policies alleviating catastrophic health payments among the poor need to be more developed, and two threshold approaches further evaluated on our policy context.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.204-213
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• 2020

Objectives: This study examined the dietary characteristics and needs for community kitchens among young adults of single-person households in Seoul according to the cooking attitude. Methods: During April 2018, an online survey was conducted on young adults of single-person households in their 20s and 30s residing in Seoul. The respondents were classified into the more positive cooking attitude group (More Positive Group; n=152, mean=4.11) and the less positive cooking attitude group (Less Positive Group; n=190, mean=3.03) based on the mean score (3.51) of the 4-item 5-point Likert scales measuring the cooking attitude. The responses of the two groups were compared. Results: Approximately 90% of the More Positive Group had the cooking ability to prepare ordinary meals or more advanced cooking skills, whereas only 61% of the Less Positive Group had such skills. Approximately a half of the More Positive Group cooked at home three times a week or more; only 30% of the Less Positive Group did so, and more than 30% of the group seldom cooked. The More Positive Group had higher mean scores in the levels of satisfaction with dietary life and care for food safety and nutrition than the Less Positive Group. Approximately 30% of all the respondents expressed their needs for community kitchens. The most frequently answered reason for such needs was "being able to have a meal with others". Conclusions: The young adults of single-person households with a more positive cooking attitude possessed a higher cooking ability, cooked more often, and cared more about food safety and nutrition than those with a less positive cooking attitude. There were moderate needs for community kitchens among young adults of single-person households living in Seoul. Therefore, societal efforts to improve their cooking attitude would be meaningful for improving their quality of dietary life. Cooking lessons or social dining programs based on community kitchens could be an option.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

One noticeable thing about the recently opened 'Starfield Hanam' and 'Hyundai Department Store (Pangyo)' is consumer's interest and positive response to their hosted food brands ranging from restaurants, dessert cafes and coffee shops. Department store and shopping complex, so-called aggregation of lifestyle are making the most out of food brands as a differentiation strategy and consumer's interest on it act as a barometer for current consumption trend. Along with the high interest on food market, changes in lifestyle, such as increasing ratio of two or less households, advent of multiple communication channels as SNS, deluge of information and gradually developing individualism, are creating needs for convenient but high quality eating culture. This need contributed in transforming the product family which was once famous as 'Instant Food' into a 'Home Meal Replacement (HMR)'. Since local food companies are striving to keep pace with the trend and actively penetrating HMR market, regardless of long-term recession, the Korean domestic food market is steadily growing with a bright future.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.47-59
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• 2008

With increasing numbers of immigrant workers in Korea, the supply of socially and culturally acceptable housing has become an important issue. The purpose of this study was to analyze the state of Goryo-in housing and domestic living conditions in metropolitan areas of Korea. This study will present essential information directly relevant to the establishment of practical housing policy for Goryo-in in Korea. Furthermore, data collected and analyzed here will enable comparative investigation with Goryo-ins who live in Russia and Central Asia. Using ethnographic methodologies, we examined 20 Goryo-in households in relation to their usage of domestic space. The following conclusion were established; 1). The most popular L D K(Living Dining Kitchen)type consisted of kitchen plus one or two bedrooms. The majority of households lived in quarters with separated kitchen and living room areas. 2). Most households had a washing machine in the bathroom due to a lack of space, and they regarded the bathtub and the drain hole of the bathroom as very necessary. The Goryo-ins interviewed preferred quarters with separate bathroom and toilet areas, in order to allow simultaneous use. 3). Their most preferred seating style was chairs, while making Kimchi at home was not very popular. 4). All respondents took their shoes off and wore slippers at home, while also indicating a preference for designated shoes space at the entrance to the house. 5) Half of the households had a carpet or mat in the bedroom or living room, both for keeping warm and aesthetic reasons. 6). All households had modified Ondol heating system and demonstrated satisfaction with this. The majority of Goryo-ins interviewed had a different living style compared to households in Russia and Central Asia which were related to less favorable economic conditions in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.599-611
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of increased debt on the incidence of domestic violence over the two-year interval 2014-2016. To investigate Korean low-income households with economic hardships, we analyzed the 9th and the 11th waves of the Korea Welfare Panel Study, which is jointly sponsored by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and the Institute of Social welfare, Seoul National University. The study analysis was based on data from 2,786 households with less than 60% of median income. The main study findings are as follows. First, increases in economic hardships incur domestic violence for low-income households, while increases in low-interest debt decrease the incidence of the domestic violence when controlling for economic hardships. All other things being equal, economic hardship works as a stressor and low-interest debt works as an alleviator influencing domestic violence. Second, when low-income households are experiencing economic hardships, low-interest debt fails to work as an alleviator. Under this circumstance, high-interest debt actually acts as a stressor influencing domestic violence. Thus, we can speculate that use of debt under economic hardships will occur domestic violence for low-income households. This study differs from previous studies in that it examines the effect of increase in debt on the incidence of the domestic violence across different types of debt: low interest, high interest, and credit card. We can conclude that debt can function as a stressor or an alleviator for low-income households, depending on the interest rate and the households' financial situation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.735-745
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• 2016

This study conducted a survey with 203 single households among men and women in their 20s to 40s who were living in metropolitan areas from October 6 to November 4, 2012 in order to investigate the dietary attitude of the single households. The ratio of single households who had three meals a day regularly was 2.85 points, which was lower than the normal level, and it turned out that those in their 20s and 30s had meals more regularly than those in their 40s did (p<0.001). As for the irregular meal time, most were breakfast (85.9%), and it turned out that they often skipped meals mostly because they did not have time to eat and (41.7%) or because that bothered them (26.0%). 62.6% of the single households did overeating and most of them (39.4%) did overeating because of their irregular meals. Of the single households, women or persons who had lived alone for less than 3 years or more than 7 years cooked at home, more often (p<0.05), and most of them (42%) cooked noodles, easy to cook, but women cooked Korean food-based homemade food such as rice (31.7%) or soup and stew (21.2%), often (p<0.05). It turned out that 36.9% of the single households often ate out about two to three times a day, and as for their favorite eating-out menus, 39.4% were Korean food, followed by Western food (23.8%), flour-based food (13.5%), fast food (9.8%), Chinese food (7.3%) and Japanese food (6.2%). Lastly, as for inconveniences when they ate out, most were the 'price' (22.8%), followed by 'too much amount of food for one person' (20.2%) and 'limitations in menu selection' (19.2%). As a result of this study, it appeared that the single households had an irregular dietary life, often did overeating and often ate out, so it is judged that it would be necessary to develop a variety of nutritionally-balanced HMR food and eating-out menus in a reasonable price range for their healthy dietary life.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-145
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• 1987

Change in the future household members is closely related to the change in the size and structure of the population which, in turn, is affected by factors of fertility and mortality and the household itself due to changing social values on family. This study aims to estimate the number of households and to thereby analyze the characteristics of household, using a household projection method chosen by reviewing various methods for Korea. In selecting the method of estimating households, the irregularity of the source data should be carefully taken into consideration with a society like the Korean society which is changing rapidly. The review on the proojection methods suggests the breakdown of the ages into two groups, namely 34 years old or less and 35 years old or more, for projecting the households for Korea. Thus, the Exponential Method for the former age group and the Net Transitional Method for the latter are adopted in this study. As a result, the number of households is expected to increase from 12,956 thousand in 1995 to 20,006 thousand in 2030 or by 54% during this period. The average number of members per household will decrease from 3.3 persons in 1995 to 2.5 persons in 2030. One of the main features of change in the housohold structure will be a rapid increase in the number of one person households and a decrease in the number of households with three generations or more.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-161
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• 1998

Change in the future household members is closely related to the change in the size and structure of the population which, in turn, is affected by factors of fertility and mortality and the household itself due to changing social values on family. This study aims to estimate the number of households and to thereby analyze the characteristics of household, using a household projection method chosen by reviewing various methods for Korea. In selecting the method of estimating households, the irregularity of the source data should be carefully taken into consideration with a society like the Korean society which is changing rapidly. The review on the proojection methods suggests the breakdown of the ages into two groups, namely 34 years old or less and 35 years old or more, for projecting the households for Korea. Thus, the Exponential Method for the former age group and the Net Transitional Method for the latter are adopted in this study. As a result, the number of households is expected to increase from 12,956 thousand in 1995 to 20,006 thousand in 2030 or by 54% during this period. The average number of members per household will decrease from 3.3 persons in 1995 to 2.5 persons in 2030. One of the main features of change in the housohold structure will be a rapid increase in the number of one person households and a decrease in the number of households with three generations or more.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2014

The study was conducted to analyze whether the recent trends in preference toward small and medium-sized housing in Korea represent changes in space norms. To accomplish this, the existing data from Statistics Korea and two different empirical data sets collected in 2007 and 2012 from Ulsan, Korea, were statistically analyzed through descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis with a chi-squared test and multiple regression analysis. In the analyses, the space norms of households were compared and any changes in the space norms and the related factors were determined. The space norms were mainly investigated in terms of the housing size and the number of rooms. The results are as follows: 1) since 2010, there have been changes in the housing stock distribution in terms of size. Stocks of small housing increased, while those of medium and large housing decreased. Nevertheless, the overall conditions of spatial density have improved considerably in the recent 30 years. 2) It was found that there were statistically significant differences between 2007 and 2012 in space norms. The norms for housing sized less than 99 m2 and with one or two rooms were found to have increased, while that for housing sized more than 132 m2 decreased. 3) Household size, education of the head, monthly household income, housing type and the number of bedrooms in the current dwelling were the significant explanatory variables of space norms.