• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.64-81
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• 1994

O/W emulsions with mixed nonionic surfactants(polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate/sorbitan sesquioleate), liquid paraffin, water prepared by direct inversion emulisification method and continuous inversion emulsification Method. The one-step, two-step and three-step phase inversion emulsification method were used in experiments. Effect of added water on droplet size of final O/W emulsions which is prepared by phase inversion emulsification method were investigated. In direct inversion emulsification method(two-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous droplets of OIW emulsions were formed after phase inversion steps i.e. ,W/O - (W/O) If double emulsion - O/W emulsion. In continuous inversion emulsification method(three-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous O/W emulsion were formed after phase inversion steps i.e., W/O - pseudomicroemulsion - O/W. By latter method, more Fine and homogenuous droplets were formed than former method. 10-10, 8 HLB region of mixed non-ionic surfactants could produce most fine droplets. This HLB region had maximum values of solubilization water and This HLB value of mixed nonionic surfactants produced fine and homogenuous droplets.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.03b
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• pp.666-669
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• 2008

Droplet in miniaturized microfluidic systems have received much focused attention recently. In this work, electrical charging phenomenon of a conducting water droplet on the electrode under the dc electric field is studied and using this phenomenon droplet actuation method for microreactor applications is experimentally demonstrated. To find effects of key factors, the effects of electric field, medium viscosity, and droplet size are investigated. A scaling law of charging for the conducting droplet is derived from the experimental results. Unlike the case of a perfect conductor, the estimated amount of electrical charge ($Q_{est}$) of a water droplet is proportional to the 1.59 power of the droplet radius (R) and the 1.33 power of the electric field strength (E). (For a spherical perfect conductor, Q is proportional to R2 and E.) It is thought that the differences are mainly due to incomplete charging of a water droplet resulted from the combined effect of electrochemical reaction at electrode and the relatively low conductivity of water. Using this phenomenon, we demonstrate the transport of the charged droplet and fusion of two oppositely-charged droplets. When electric field is subjected sequentially on the electrode, the charged droplet is transported on the electrode. For the visualization of fusion of charged droplets, the precipitation reaction is used. When subjected to a DC voltage, two droplets charged are moving and merging toward each other due to the Coulombic force and chemical reaction is simultaneously occurred by coalescence of droplets. It may be due to the interchange effect of charge. It is shown that the droplet can be used for microreactor where transporting, merging etc. of reagents constitute unit operation.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2008

To increase the ink transfer rate in the micro-gravure-offset printing, the liquid transfer process between two separating plates is investigated. During the liquid transfer process, in which one plate is fixed and the other one moves vertically, a sessile droplet is separated into two droplets. The volume ratio of the two droplets depends on the contact angles of the two plates. In a numerical study of the ink transfer processes, liquid transfer between two parallel separating plates and between a trapezoidal cavity and an upward moving plate are simulated, as models of the printing of ink from the offset pad onto the substrate and the picking up of ink from the gravure plate by the offset pad, respectively. Also, in experimental study, to obtain various surface contact angles, chemical treatment, plasma treatment, and electrowetting- on-dielectric (EWOD) surface are considered. The transfer rate between two plates is calculated by analyzing the droplet images. From the results, the optimal surface contact angles of the units of the micro-gravure-offset printing can be characterized.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2009

Two different micro-flows during the evaporation of ink droplets were achieved by engineering both surface tension gradient and compositional gradient across the ink droplet: (1) Coffee-ring generating flow resulting from the outward flow inside the ink droplet & (2) Marangoni flow leading to the circulation flow inside the ink droplet. The surface tension gradient and the compositional gradient in the ink droplets were tailored by mixing two different solvents with difference surface tension and boiling point. In order to create the coffee-ring generating flow (outward flow), a single-solvent system using N,N-dimethylformamide with nano-sized spherical alumina particles was formulated, Marangoni flow (circulation flow) was created in the ink droplets by combining N,N-dimethylformamide and fotmamide with the spherical alumina powders as a co-solvent ink system. We have investigated the effect of these two different flows on the formation of ceramic films by inkjet printing method, The packing density of the ceramic films printed with two different ink systems (single- and co-solvent systems) and their surface roughness were characterized. The dielectric properties of these inkjet-printed ceramic films such as dielectric constant and dissipation factor were also studied in order to evaluate the feasibility of their application to the electronic ceramic package substrate.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.87-93
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• 2001

In this study, the velocity characteristics of liquid elements formed by two impinging jets is analysed using double pulse image capturing technique. For the droplets formed by low speed impinging jets, the droplet velocities are higher with smaller azimuthal and impingement angle. The maximum droplet velocities are about 25 % lower than jet velocity. With an increase of azimuthal angle, the shedding angles increases but remains lower than azimuthal angle. The velocities of ligaments formed by high speed impinging jets gradually decreases with an increase of azimuthal angle. The maximum ligament velocities are about 40 % lower than jet velocity. Higher impingement angles produce lower ligament velocities. The shedding angles of ligament almost increases with the same value of azimuthal angle, which implies that the moving direction of ligaments is radial from the origin as the impingement point.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

In this study, the velocity characteristics of liquid elements formed by two impinging jets is analysed using double pulse image capturing technique. For the droplets formed by low speed impinging jets, the droplet velocities are higher with smaller azimuthal and impingement angle. The maximum droplet velocities are about 25 % lower than jet velocity. With an increase of azimuthal angle, the shedding angles increases but remains lower than azimuthal angle. The velocities of ligaments formed by high speed impinging jets gradually decreases with an increase of azimuthal angle. The maximum ligament velocities are about 40% lower than jet velocity. Higher impingement angles produce lower ligament velocities. The shedding angles of ligament almost increases with the same value of azimuthal angle, which implies that the moving direction of ligaments is radial from the origin as the impingement point.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.167-174
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• 1997

The penetration depth and the size distribution of the droplets of fuel sprays are important in the operation of spark-ignition MPI engines. A fluorescence/scattering image technique for droplet sizing was applied to measure th edroplet size distribution in non-evaporating gasoline sprays. The fluorescence and scattering lights were imaged simultaneously by the two-dimensional visualization system composed of a laser sheet, a doubling prism, optical filters, and a CCD camera. Quantitative droplet size distributions were extracted from evaluating the ratio of the two light densities. The mean droplet size measured by the fluorescence/scattering technique was compared with the result obtained by the enlarged photographs of droplets. The fluorescence/scattering image technique also gives the useful information of the characteristics of droplet impingement in a inclined wall.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.221-227
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• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1017-1026
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• 2016

The present paper describes the two off-surface visualization techniques and their application examples to vortex flows. One of the two visualization techniques is the classical smoke-wire technique, and the other is the visualization technique using the micro water-droplets generated by the home-style ultrasonic humidifier. The smoke-wire technique has the limit of air flow speed (about 5 m/sec for 0.07 mm-diameter wire) and the pollution problem, but it produces very fine and clear streak line sheet. It is applied to visualize the wing-tip vortices of a 3-dimensional wing. The micro water-droplet technique has the larger limit of air flow speed (above 10 m/sec) and is free from pollution and toxic problems compared to the smoke-wire technique. It is successfully applied to visualize the complex vortex system of a double-delta wing with an apex strake.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.732-742
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• 2002

This paper presents twin spray characteristics of two impinging F-O-O-F type injectors in which fuel and oxidizer impinge on each other to atomize under the various conditions. The droplet size and velocity in the impinging spray flow field were measured using PDPA. The droplet size and velocity were investigated at the mixture ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.47 and 3.0 for four injectors in which two single F-O-O-F injectors were arranged at the intervals of 20.8, 31.2, 41.6 and 62.4mm respectively. In general, the arithmetic mean diameter, SMD and standard deviation of droplet size in the interaction area (X=0 and Y=0mm) were smaller, while the axial velocity in the interaction area was slightly higher. An empirical correlation is obtained for the (D$\_$10/)$\_$D//(D$\_$10/)$\_$c/ value under the assumptions of two identical droplets and these with different size and velocity. The droplets with low Weber numbers below 40 have possibility to coalesce, while those over 40 tend to disintegrate after impingement in the interaction area.