• Title/Summary/Keyword: Turfgrass mutant

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Evidence for Genetic Similarity of Vegetative Compatibility Groupings in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

  • Chang, Seog Won;Jo, Young-Ki;Chang, Taehyun;Jung, Geunhwa
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.384-396
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    • 2014
  • Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) are determined for many fungi to test for the ability of fungal isolates to undergo heterokaryon formation. In several fungal plant pathogens, isolates belonging to a VCG have been shown to share significantly higher genetic similarity than those of different VCGs. In this study we sought to examine the relationship between VCG and genetic similarity of an important cool season turfgrass pathogen, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Twenty-two S. homoeocarpa isolates from the Midwest and Eastern US, which were previously characterized in several studies, were all evaluated for VCG using an improved nit mutant assay. These isolates were also genotyped using 19 microsatellites developed from partial genome sequence of S. homoeocarpa. Additionally, partial sequences of mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase II and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rRNA, and the atp6-rns intergenic spacer, were generated for isolates from each nit mutant VCG to determine if mitochondrial haplotypes differed among VCGs. Of the 22 isolates screened, 15 were amenable to the nit mutant VCG assay and were grouped into six VCGs. The 19 microsatellites gave 57 alleles for this set. Unweighted pair group methods with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree of binary microsatellite data were used to produce a dendrogram of the isolate genotypes based on microsatellite alleles, which showed high genetic similarity of nit mutant VCGs. Analysis of molecular variance of microsatellite data demonstrates that the current nit mutant VCGs explain the microsatellite genotypic variation among isolates better than the previous nit mutant VCGs or the conventionally determined VCGs. Mitochondrial sequences were identical among all isolates, suggesting that this marker type may not be informative for US populations of S. homoeocarpa.

Analysis of Pigments and Thylakoid Membrane Proteins in Photosystem I - Mutants from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Synechocystis sp. PCC6803을 이용한 Photosystem I- mutants의 색소 및 틸라코이드막 단백질 분석)

  • 전은경;장남기
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.45-58
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    • 1997
  • Pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins were investigated in wild type and PS I- mutants from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Comparing morphological features, B2 was less fluorescent than the other strains. The contents of chlorophyll a were propotional to the FNR activity in thylakoid membrane. The FNR activity of mutants was lower than that of wild type. In the result of pigments analysis, mutants had smaller cholophyll a than that of wild type. The major carotenoid was found to he $\beta$-caroene, but aeaxanthin was barely detected in thylakoid membrane of mutants. The polypeptide, 14.8kD was detected by electrophoresis in mutants. It was considered to be the modification of 15.4kD in wild type. Membrane polypeptides of 17.6 and 19.7kD were not detected in mutants. In the result of western blotting, subunit I was detected in all strains, but subunit II was barely detected in mutants. Subunit II was not detected in B2 at all. In view of the results so far achieved, the changes of contents of chlorophyll and zeaxanthin were affected by the defficiency or modification of functional domain in subunit I. Also the modification in subunit I affected the subunit II- binding site in PS I. As the result, efficiency of photosynthesis was decreased. Key words: Synechoystis sp. PCC6803, PS I - mutant, Photosynthetic efficiency, Pigment,Thylakoid membrane proteins, Subunit I, II.

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Influence of Respiration on Photosynthetic Electron Transport in psaB Mutants from Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp.PCC6803 psaB 돌연변이주의 광합성 전자전달에 미치는 호흡의 영향)

  • 윤병철;장남기
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.59-72
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    • 1997
  • The influence of respiration on photosythetic electron transport were investigated in the Wid type and psaB mutants from Syneehocystis sp. PCC6803. The amount of glucose uptake in the wild type was proportional to the glucose concentration added in wild type and less than that of psaB mutants in the dark. It was suggested that psaB mutants more depend on the glucose than the wild type. It was investigated how the activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH) and glucose-6-phos-phate dehydrogenase(G6PDH) were changed. The activities of IDH were very low. While, the ac-tivities of G6PDH were much higher than that of IDH. These results agree to the reports that ex-ogenous glucose was dismilated aerobically via Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway in heterotrophic cyanobacteria. PsaB mutants showed high G6PDH activity in the presence of glucose as well as in the dark and high respiratory activities especially in the dark. It was also investigated how photosynthetic electron transport activities were changed. PsaB mutants showed higher photosynthetic electron tranasport activities than wild type in the presence of glucose as well as in the dark. In the results, it was proposed that photosynthetic electron transport between PS I and PS U was complemented by respiratory electron transport through the NADPH generated by Dxidative Pentose Phophate Pathway in psaB mutant from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Key words: Photosynthetic electron transport, Respiration, Synechoystis sp. PCC6803, psaB mutant, Glucose uptake, IDH, G6PDH, Respiratory electron transport activity.

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Control of Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) of Mutant N-29 Broth Filtrate of Streptomyces scopuliridis KR-001 (토양 방선균 N-29 배양 여액의 생태계교란 식물 돼지풀 방제효과)

  • Kim, Jae-Deok;Kim, Young-Sook;Kwak, Hwa-Sook;Kim, Hye-Jin;Lee, Youn-Me;Ko, Young-Kwan;Park, Kee-Woong;Choi, Jung-Sup
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.219-229
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    • 2018
  • We isolated Streptomyces scopuliridis KR-001 that produced herbicidal active metabolite(s) against several grass and broad leaf weeds. In this study, potential as natural herbicide of mutant N-29 broth filtrate of S. scopuliridis KR-001 was investigated to Ambrosia artemisiifilia in a greenhouse and field condition. The broth filtrate of mutant N-29 by foliar application showed a strong herbicidal activity to A. artemisiifilia with leaf stage in a greenhouse condition. Also, field trial of foliar application within treatment range had effectively controlled with early and middle stage of A. artemisiifilia at the natural habitats. Phytotoxic symptoms of mutant N-29 broth filtrate by foliar application were wilting and discoloration, and burn-down of leaves and finally plant death. These results suggest that mutant N-29 broth filtrate is considered possible as a natural herbicide for controlling environmentally friend to invasive alien plant such as A. artemisiifilia and may provide a new lead molecule for a more efficient herbicide.

Vegetative Compatibility Grouping of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Isolates Infecting Turfgrass in South Korea (한국의 잔디에서 분리한 Sclerotinia homoeocarpa 균의 체세포화합성군 분류)

  • Chang, Seog-Won;Chang, Tae-Hyun;Hong, Jeum-Kyu;Park, Jong-Hyun;Jung, Suk-Woo
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.171-176
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    • 2011
  • Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot, is one of the most common pathogens of cool season turfgrasses in South Korea. The vegetative compatibility group (VCG) assay was carried out using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants recovered from 13 South Korean isolates with various geographical origins. The mutants were divided into four phenotypic classes based on mutation loci associated with nitrogen assimilation: nit1, nit2, nit3, and NitM. The recovered number of nit mutants greatly varied among the isolates, ranging from 0 to 15 mutants. Of the mutants isolated, nit1 and nit2 mutants were most common (80%) while NitM and nit3 were relatively rare. One dominant and four minor VCGs were determined from 18 mutant isolates tested. To study population structures of Korean S. homoeocarpa isolates and increase our understanding of its ecological and epidemiological aspects for dollar spot management on turfgrass, more generated mutants should be tested with more diverse isolate collections.

SCAR markers were developed to identify zoysiagrass mutants exhibiting fine leaf characteristics (세엽 한국들잔디 변이체 식별을 위한 SCAR 마커 개발)

  • Chung, Sung Jin;Park, Su Jeong;Choi, Young In;Kim, In-Kyung;Lee, Ka-Yeon;Kim, Hun-Joong;Lee, Geung-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.40 no.2
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    • pp.115-121
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    • 2013
  • Polymorphic bands of two fine-leaf zoysiagrass mutants (CNU 70-1, CNU 70-2) induced via a gamma-ray irradiation on seeds of Zoysia japonica were obtained by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. The genotype-specific fragments were then converted into PCR-based sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which are now amenable to detecting them among other zoysiagrass species widely noticeable in Korea. The CNU 70-1-specific primer set amplified about 900 bp successfully, while the CNU 70-6 marker produced the expected 1,500 bp band, by which those markers were nominated by CNU 70-1_900 and CNU 70-6_1500 SCARs, respectively. The developed SCAR markers can be an applicable tool in sod industry where illegal appropriation hampers breeder's right and profits due to the turfgrass plant vegetatively propagating.

Biorational Screening System Using Cyanobacteria(Anacystis nidulans $R_2$) for Searching the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Inhibitors (Cyanobacteria를 이용한 광합성 전자전달저해제의 생합리적 스크리닝)

  • Hwang, I.T.;Hong, K.S.;Cho, K.Y.;Yoshida, S.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.81-88
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    • 1993
  • For searching the photosynthetic electron transport(PET) inhibitors, bio-rational screening system using thylakoid membranes extracted from wild and mutant cyanobacteria(Anacystis nidulans $R_2$) was developed. Generally, thylakoid membrane was more sensitive to the tested herbicides than the chloroplast from spinach in the Hill reaction. Higher resistant characteristics appeared in mutant D-5, Di-22 to diuron and mutant G-264 to atrazine as compared to wild type. To test the reaction of thylakoid membrane to herbicides, diuron and atrazine were applied simultaneously. Diuron and atrazine competed each other for binding with substituted amino acids, while diuron and dinoseb were non-competitive, and inhibiting activity was increased. Conclusively, bio-rational screening system using cyanobacteria was proved to be fast and efficient screening method for the development of PET inhibitors.

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The Effect of Newly Synthesized Compounds on the Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Cyanobacteria (Anacystis nidulans $R_2$) (신규(新規) 합성화합물들이 cyanobacteria의 광합성전자전달계에 미치는 영향)

  • Hwang, I.T.;Kim, J.S.;Cho, K.Y.;Yoneyama, K.;Yoshida, S.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.89-95
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    • 1993
  • The Inhibiting activity of newly synthesized phenol (E-series) and triazine (T-series) derivatives was evaluated by using thylakoid membranes extracted from cyanobacteria (Anacystis nidulans $R_2$). There were no significant differences between phenol derivatives and dinoseb to the thylakoid membrane extracted from wild type in the Hill reaction. However, a phenol derivative, E-24 which has no -Cl at phenyl ring, did not show any activity. The longer the length of R substituents was in phenol derivatives, the lower inhibiting activity was in the Hill reaction. Triazine derivatives, T-27, T-28, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 were also compared with diuron and atrazine. Among triazine compounds, T-27 and T-28 showed 10 and 30 times activity as high as atrazine to wild type, respectively. Other triazine derivatives, T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 showed low inhibiting activity to wild and mutant type. A structural difference of T-27 and T-28 from T-40, T-41, T-47 and T-48 was the presented of -C-NH-. Both T-27 and T-28 were very closely associated with serine, an amino acid located at the 264th position of D1 protein because of the resistant ratio(R/S) to mutant G-264 were higher than that of atrazine.

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Cloning and Characterization of a 5-Enolpyruvyl Shikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase (EPSPS) Gene from Korean Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica) (들잔디 5-Enolpyruvyl Shikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase(EPSPS) 유전자 클로닝 및 특성)

  • Lee, Hye-Jung;Lee, Geung-Joo;Kim, Dong-Sub;Kim, Jin-Beak;Ku, Ja-Hyeong;Kang, Si-Yong
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.648-655
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    • 2010
  • This study is the first comprehensive report on the molecular cloning, structural characterization, sequence comparison between wild and mutant types, copy number in the genome, expression features and activities of a gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in Korean lawn grass ($Zoysia$ $japonica$). The full length cDNA of the EPSPS from Korean lawn grass ($zj$EPSPS) obtained from a 3' and 5' RACE method was 1540 bp, containing a 1176 bp ORF, a 144 bp leader sequence (5' UTR) and a 220 bp 3' UTR, which was eventually decoded 391 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 41.74 kDa. The Southern blot detection of the $zj$EPSPS showed that the gene exists as a single copy in the Korean lawn grass genome. Sequence comparison of the $zj$EPSPS gene demonstrated that the glyphosate-tolerant mutant (GT) having a Pro-53 to Ser substitution in the gene seems to have a preferred binding activity of the enzyme to phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP) over glyphosate, which allows the continuous synthesis of aromatic amino acids in the shikimate pathway. From the Northern blotting analysis, the $zj$EPSPS was found to be highly expressed, with continuous increase until 36 hours after 0.5% glyphosate treatment in both wild and mutant samples, but 1.5-fold higher EPSP synthase activity was observed in the tolerant mutant when exposed to the glyphosate treatment. The molecular information of the $zj$EPSPS gene obtained from this study needs to be further dissected to be more effectively applied to the development of gene-specific DNA markers and zoysiagrass cultivars; nevertheless, the glyphosate-tolerant mutant having the featured $zj$EPSPS gene can be provided to turfgrass managers for weed problems with timely adoptable management options.

Effect of Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitor Ancymidol on Growth, Floral Initiation and Endogenous GA levels in Sorghum bicolor (수수의 생육과 개화 및 내생 GA 함량에 미치는 지벨렐린 생합성억제제 Ancymidol의 영향)

  • Lee, In-Jung;Kim, Kil-Ung;Lee, Sang-Chul;Shin, Dong-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.207-213
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    • 1997
  • This study was conducted to correlate changes in plant growth and flowering behavior with inhibition of gibberellin synthesis following application of GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Two sorghum genotypes, wild-type and phyB-1(phytochrome B mutant) which grow fast and flowers early relative to the wild-type, were used. Both growth and floral initiation of these two genotypes were greatly affected by ancymidol concentration increased. However, these growth inhibition and delayed flowering are almost completely overcome by simultaneous applications of 31.6ppm $GA_3$. The ability of $GA_3$ to reverse the effect of the inhibition on both growth and floral initiation in sorghum suggests a role for native GAs in sorghum flowering. This result was contrast to the fact that in some long day plants GA biosynthesis inhibitors will inhibit shoot elongation but not floral initiation. In sorghum, inhibition of vegetative growth by GA biosynthesis inhibitor is accompanied by a delay in flowering. Ten ppm of ancymidol treatments drastically reduced all early-13-hydroxylation pathway GAs($GA_{12}$, $GA_{53}$, $GA_{19}$, $GA_{20}$, $GA_3$, and $GA_8$) levels.

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