• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.431-449
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• 2022

지금까지 국내에서는 수 많은 터널들이 완공되어 오면서 시공에서뿐 아니라 설계에서도 다양한 경험과 기술이 지속적으로 축적되어 왔다. 따라서 이제는 매우 복잡한 지질조건 또는 특수한 터널구조가 아니라면 일반적인 터널설계작업은 설계 항목에 따라 기존 유사 설계사례를 수정 또는 보완하는 것만으로도 충분한 경우도 적지 않다. 특히 터널발파설계의 경우, 실제 터널시공시 현장에서 시험발파를 통해 시공을 위한 발파설계를 추가로 수행하는 것이 일반적이라는 것을 감안할때, 설계단계에서 수행하는 발파설계는 예비설계 성격을 지니고 있어 기존의 유사 설계사례를 참고하는 것도 타당하다고 사료된다. 한편 최근 4차산업혁명시대에 들어서면서 전 산업분야에 걸쳐 그 활용도가 급증하고 있는 인공지능은 터널 및 발파분야에서도 다양하게 활용되고 있지만, 발파터널의 경우 발파진동 및 암반분류 등의 예측 분야에서 주로 활용되고 있을 뿐 터널발파패턴 설계에 활용된 사례는 많지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 터널발파설계를 인공지능의 한 분야인 머신러닝 모델을 이용하여 자동화하기 위한 시도를 하였다. 이를 위하여 25개 학습용 터널설계 자료 및 2개의 시험용 설계자료에서 4가지의 입력데이터(지보패턴, 도로유형, 상반 및 하반 단면적) 및 16개의 출력데이터(심발공 종류, 비장약량, 천공수, 각 발파공 그룹별 공간격과 저항선 등)를 발췌하였다. 이를 기반으로 3가지 머신러닝 모델, 즉, XGBoost, ANN, SVM 모델을 시험한 결과 XGBoost모델이 상대적으로 최상의 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 이를 이용하여 실제 발파설계 상황을 가정하여 발파패턴을 제안하도록 한 결과 일부 항목에서 보완이 필요하긴 하지만 일반적 설계와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 본 연구가 기초연구 성격이어서 전체 발파설계를 완벽하게 수행하기는 아직 부족하지만, 향후 충분한 발파설계데이터를 확보하고 세부적인 처리과정을 보완하여 실용적인 활용이 가능하도록 추가 연구를 수행할 계획이다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.182-189
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• 2001

터널 발파시 발파효율은 암반의 특성에 큰 영향을 받기 때문에 암반 특성을 분석하고 이를 기초로 발파설계를 수행하는 것이 중요하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재까지 국내에서의 발파설계는 무결암의 단축압축강도만으로 발파암을 분류한 후 각 발파암의 발파계수를 구하는 방법을 이용하거나 공학적 암반분류법의 하나인 RMR분류를 이용하여 발파암을 분류하되 객관적 근거가 미약한 경험적인 발파계수를 산정하는 방식을 통하여 이루어졌다. 본 연구에서는 절리특성을 고려한 발파설계를 위하여 Ashby의 접근법을 활용하였다. 또한 절리조사 결과를 통한 발파암 분류방법과 발파패턴설계를 추가하여 발파설계 전과정을 수행할 수 있도록 Ashby의 접근법을 응용하였다. 따라서 절리 분포 특성을 고려한 발파암 분류가 가능하고, 절리암반 특성을 고려한 발파설계 를 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

This paper presents a study to reduce the effect of blast pressure on the blast valves installed in protection tunnels, where the shape of the tunnel entrance and the blast pocket is optimized based on the predetermined basic shape of the protective tunnels. The reliability of the numerical tunnel models was examined by performing analyses of mesh convergence and overpressure stability and with comparison to the data in blast-load design charts in UFC 3-340-02 (DoD, 2008). An optimal mesh size and a stabilized distance of overpressure were proposed, and the numerical results were validated based on the UFC data. A parametric study to reduce the blast overpressures in tunnel was conducted using the validated numerical model. Analysis was performed applying 1) the entrance slope of 90, 75, 60, and 45 degrees, 2) two blast pockets with the depth 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 times the tunnel width, 3) the three types of curved back walls of the blast pockets, and 4) two types of the upper and lower surfaces of the blast pockets to the reference tunnel model. An optimal solution by combining the analysis results of the tunnel entrance shape, the depth of the blast pockets, and the upper and lower parts of the blast pockets was provided in comparison to the reference tunnel model. The blast overpressures using the proposed tunnel shape have been reduced effectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.421-438
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• 2016

Explosions inside transportation tunnels might result in failure of tunnel structures. This study investigated the failure mechanisms of circular cast-iron tunnels in saturated soil subjected to medium internal blast loading. This issue is crucial to tunnel safety as many transportation tunnels run through saturated soils. At the same time blast loading on saturated soils may induce residual excess pore pressure, which may result in soil liquefaction. A series of numerical simulations were carried out using Finite Element program LS-DYNA. The effect of soil liquefaction was simulated by the Federal Highway soil model. It was found that the failure modes of tunnel lining were differed with different levels of blast loading. The damage and failure of the tunnel lining was progressive in nature and they occurred mainly during lining vibration when the main event of blast loading was over. Soil liquefaction may lead to more severe failure of tunnel lining. Soil deformation and soil liquefaction were determined by the coupling effects of lining damage, lining vibration, and blast loading. The damage of tunnel lining was a result of internal blast loading as well as dynamic interaction between tunnel lining and saturated soil, and stress concentration induced by a ventilation shaft connected to the tunnel might result in more severe lining damage.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2023

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to investiagate the effect of expansion chamber on overpressure reduction in protective tunnels subjected to detonation of high explosives. A commercial CFD code, Viper::Blast, was used to model the blast waves in a protective tunnel with a length of 160 m, width of 8.9 m and height of 7.2 m. Blast scenarios and simulation matrix were establihsed in consideration of the design parameters of expansion chamber, including the chamber lengths of 6.1 m to 12.1 m, widths of 10.7 m to 97 m, length to width ratios of 0.0 to 5.0, heights of 8.0 m and 14.9 m, and ratios of chamber to tunnel width of 1.2 to 10.9 m. A charge weight of TNT of 1000 kg was used. The mesh sizes of the numerical model of the protective tunnel were determined based on a mesh convergence study. A parametric study based on the simulation matrix was performed using the proposed CFD tunnel model and the optimized shape of expansion chamber of the considered tunnel was then proposed based on the numerical results. Design recommendations for the use of expansion chamber in protective tunnel under blast loads to reduce the internal overpressures were finally provided.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.102-115
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• 1992

Blasting operations associated with rock excavation work may have an environmental impact in nearby structures or human beings. With the increase of construction work in urban areas, vibration problems and complaints have also increased. In order to determine the optimum design parameters for safe blast, it is essential to understand blast mechanism, design variables involved in blast-induced damage, and their effects on the blasting results. This paper deals with the characteristics of ground vibrations, air blast and fly rock caused by blast, including the general method of establishing the vibration predictors, and damage criteria suggested by various investigators. The results of field measurements from open pit mine and tunnel construction work are discussed. Basic concepts of how to design blast parameters to control the generation of ground vibrations, air blast and fly rock are presented.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.417-443
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• 2020

Tunnels have been an integral part of human civilization. Due to complexity in its design and structure, the stability of underground structures under extreme loading conditions has utmost importance. Increased terrorism and geo-political conflicts have forced the engineers and researchers to study the response of underground structures, especially tunnels under blast loading. The present study has been carried out to seek the response of tunnel structures under blast load using the finite element technique. The tunnel has been considered in quartzite rock of northern India. The Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model has been adopted for the elastoplastic behaviour of rock. The rock model surrounding the tunnel has dimensions of 30 m x 30 m x 35 m. Both unlined and lined (concrete) tunnel has been studied. Concrete Damage Plasticity model has been considered for the concrete lining. Four different parameters (i.e., tunnel diameter, liners thickness, overburden depth and mass of explosive) have been varied to observe the behaviour under different condition. To carry out blast analysis, Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) modelling has been adopted for modelling of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) and enclosed air. JWL (Jones-Wilkins-Lee) model has been considered for TNT explosive modelling. The paper concludes that deformations in lined tunnels follow a logarithmic pattern while in unlined tunnels an exponential pattern has been observed. The stability of the tunnel has increased with an increase in overburden depth in both lined and unlined tunnels. Furthermore, the tunnel lining thickness also has a significant effect on the stability of the tunnel, but in smaller diameter tunnel, the increase in tunnel lining thickness has not much significance. The deformations in the rock tunnel have been decreased with an increase in the diameter of the tunnel.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.772-775
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• 2005

Most engineers, related to soil and civil dynamic field, have been interested in the direct dynamic design of building transmitted from soil and rock to structure due to blasting. However it is not easy to estimate the dynamic response of structures due to blasting by using analytical method because of difficulties of soil modeling, prediction of excitation force and so on. In this paper, dynamic analysis have been performed to predict vibration level and evaluate dynamic safety of structure adjacent to tunnel blast and the semi empirical method, which is based on vibration measurement data, has been employed to consider blast vibration characteristics.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2014

코레일(한국철도공사)는 "지진가속도계측기 설치 및 운영기준"을 수립하여 고속철도에 적용하고 있으며, 고속철도 운전취급세칙을 개정하여 지진 발생시 철도의 안전운행을 위한 운전취급 요령에 따라 단계별 열차운행패턴을 구축하여 운영 중이다. 본 연구는 지진가속도계가 설치된 고속철도 인접구간에서 발파작업을 위한 노천 및 터널발파 설계 사례이다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1162-1170
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• 2011

Since there is 70% of the land in South Korea is forest, tunnel constructions by blasting are common for building railways and roads. The damage to the bedrock and the development of overbreak near the face of the tunnel during the blasting directly affect the safety of the tunnel and the maintenance after the construction. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the damage zone in the bedrock after the blasting. The damage zone changes the properties of the bedrock and decreases the safety. Especially, the coefficient of permeability of the damaged bedrock increases dramatically, which is considered very important in construction. There is a lack of research on the damage that bedrock is received with respect to the amount of explosives in blasting, which is required for the design of optimum support in blast excavation that maximizes the support of the bedrock. Therefore, in this research, numerical analysis was performed based on the field experiment data in order to understand the mechanical characteristics of the bedrock after to the blast load and to analyze the damage that the bedrock receives from the blast load. In addition, a method was proposed for selecting the optimum blast pressure for train tunnel design with respect to the damage zone.