• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4A
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• pp.767-774
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• 2006

This study has focused on the possibility for recycling of tailings from the sangdong tungsten mine as powder (TA) of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The experimental tests for entrapped water ratio were carried out in accordance with the specified method by Okamura. The rheological measurements of cement paste were conducted by using a commercially digital Brookfield viscometer (Model LVDV-II+) equipped with cylindrical spindles, also tests for slump-flow, time required to reach 500 mm of slump flow (sec), time required to flow through V-funnel (sec) and filling height of U-box test (mm) were carried out in accordance with the specified by the Japanese Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE). The results of this study, entrapped water ratio was decreased with increasing replacement of TA. Thickness of pseudo water film was increased, and mean plastic viscosity was decreased with increasing replacement of TA. And slump-flow of SCC was decreased with increasing replacement of TA. But time required to reach 500 mm of slump flow (sec), time required to flow through V-funnel (sec) and filling height of U-box test (mm) were satisfied a prescribed range. The mechanical properties including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus were checked with the requirements specified by Korean Industrial Standard (KS). The compressive strength of SCC was decreased with increasing replacement of TA, splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus were similar to those of normal concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.616-619
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• 2004

This study has focused on the possibility for recycling of tailings from the Sangdong tungsten mine as powder. The experimental tests for entrapped water ratio were carried out in accordance with the specificed method by Okamura. The rheological measurements of cement paste were conducted by using a commerically digital Brookfield viscometer (Model LVDV-II+) equipped with cylindrical spindles. The results of this study, in case of cement paste mixed with tailings, entrapped water ratio was decreased with increasement of mixing ratio. Thickness of pseudo water film was increased, and mean plastic viscosity was decreased with increasing replacement.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.437-440
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• 2003

This study has focused on the possibility for recycling of tailings from the Sangdong tungsten mine as powder of self-compacting concrete(SCC). The experimental tests for slump-flow, reaching time to the slump-flow of 500mm, V-funnel and U-box were carried out in accordance with the specified by the Japanese Society of Civil Engineering(JSCE). The result of this study, in case of SCC mixed with tailings, slump-flow was decreased with increasing mixing ratio. But reaching time slump-flow of 500mm, V-funnel and U-box were satisfied a prescribed range. The mechanical properties including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and static modulus of elasticity were checked with the requirements specified by Korean Industrial Standard(KS). The compressive strength of SCC was decreased with increasing replacement, splitting tensile strength and static modulus were similar to those of normal concrete.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.335-346
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• 1991

It is observed that calcareous nodules of the Hwajeol Formation are locally skarnized in the Sangdong district, in which the skarn mineralization extends 5 Km westward from the Sangdong mine area to the Hwajeolchi area. After a hidden granite beneath the Sangdong mine was discovered by exploration drillings, the exploration teams of the Sangdong mine and the Korean Mining Promotion Corporation have assumed that the skarn nodule of the Hwajeol Formation was derived from emplacement of a granite in deep place and the occurrence of hidden ore bodies below the skarn, and they have discovered high grades of tungsten orebody in the same horizon of the Sangdong ore body. Mutual genetic relatioships between epidote and garnet may be explained by following chemical reactions $Ca_2FeA_{12}$ $Si_3O_{12}(OH)+CaCO_3=Ca_3(Fe,\;Al)_2$ $SiO_{12}+1/2CO_2+1/2H^+Ca_3FeSi_3O_{12}+SiO_2+CO_2=2CaFeSi_{12}O_6+CaCO_3+1/2O_3$. It is concluded that epidote and garnet are useful as target minerals indicating a potential occurrence of deep seated hidden ore body. Since the epidote may inform the emplacement of the granite, while the garnet in the skarn nodule of the Hwajeol Formation may reflect a strong hydrothermal mineralization taking place from the depth.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.218-222
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• 2000

Wasted${\cdot}$rested mine areas give lots of effect on around-environmental changes after mining development. Leaching water at reclaimed land has been eluted from the solid components through physical, chemical, biological procedures by waters percolated through reclaimed site. The element analysis of waste tungsten ore tailing, leaching water analysis and removal of heavy metal by zeolite were performed to investigate the influent of acid rain on the released contents of H. M. The heavy metal contents in leaching water were determined to be As $1.21\;{\sim}\;1.54\;ppm$, Pb $0.11\;{\sim}\;0.15\;ppm$ and $SO_4\;^{2-}$ was $302\;{\sim}\;378ppm$. As deionized water and simulated acid rain (pH 3,4) were percolated through columns packed tungsten ore tailing, the amount of Mn, Na, Ca which were dissolved by pH4 solution was higher than those by distilled water. However, W and Mo were eluted easily by high pH solution. The change of heavy metal concentration by column experiment packed zeolite was effective a little because heavy metals were adsorved much more by zeolite.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.181-195
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• 1979

The Nambu orebodies of the Okbang tungsten mine are hosted in the Precambrian amphibolite and Weonnam formation. These orebodies can be classified into two types; The scheelite-bearing ore vein occurring in the amphibolite (the Nambu 1, 2 adits) and tungsten-bearing quartz vein along the contact between the amphibolite and the Weonnam formation (the Young-ho, -1, -2, -3 levels). The scheelite-bearing ore vein in the amphilbolite is discontinuous, narrow, and highly irregular in geometry, occurring only within the amphibolite with which of the vein is graduational. Based on these feature of the mode of occurrence, the origin of this ore type might be attributed to a potential segregation of tungsten ore fluid in situ from hornblenditic basic magma of the host rock. Tungsten-bearing quartz vein, however, is considered to have deposited along the N30-60E trending fractures as a later hypothermal vein after the hornblendite was emplaced. The principal ore mineral is scheelite with minor amount of wolframite, and the gangue minerals are quartz, and small amounts of fluorite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and calcite. Fluid inclusion study of minerals from the Nambu orebody reveals that the fluids in fluorite of the scheelite-bearning ore vein attained a temperature range of $208{\sim}256^{\circ}C$ and those in quartz from the tungsten-bearing quartz vein a temperature range of $220{\sim}357^{\circ}C$. The real formation temperatures can be somewhat higher than filling temperatures, if pressure correction is made. Chemical analysis of 8 amphibolitc samples on major and some trace elements indicate that the amphibolite is igneous origin. On a Niggli diagram (al-alk)versus c, the analytical values are plotted on an igneous field, and on a Niggli diagram mg versus c they follow a karroo igneous trend line. According to the Ba, Cr, and Ni versus Niggli mg plots suggested by Leake (1964), Okbang amphibolite fall outside a pelitic field and compare favorably with his plots form ortho-amphibolites. Analitical values of $MoO_3$ of 8 samples of scheelite minerals from the Nambu orebody indicate that the tungsten-bearing quartz vein (type n) of Nambu orebody shows a range from 1. 69% to 4.38% which is higher than 0.94%~3.25% $MoO_3$ for the scheelite-bearing ore vein (type I). This fact indicates that the type II was deposited in a lower $fO_2/higher$ $fO_2$ environment and under lower temperature than the type I. Analysis of major components $WO_3$, MnO, and FeO of 6 samples of wolframite from the type II veins revealed that they contain 73.35~76.2% $WO_3$, 7.94~11.63% MnO, and 10.53~14.82% FeO. MnO/FeO ratios of wolframite shows the range of 0.85~1.17 which suggests a slightly higher temperature type of deposits than other major tungsten deposits in the country.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1969

In the Sangdong Mine area, Taebaegsan series (Pre-Cambrian) and Chosun System (Cambro-ordovician) are widely distributed. The Chosun System consists of Yangdug Series (Jangsan Quartzite and Myobong Slate) and The Great Limestone Series (Pungchon Limestone, Shesong Shale, Hwajeol Formation and Dongjeom Quartzite). The mineralized zone containing the main ore body of the Sangdong Mine was developed in the Myobong Slate formation. The result of the field and microscopic study on the mineral paragenesis and it's wall rock alteration in the tungsten ore deposit shows the following features. The orogenic movements of the Post-Chosun System in the Hambaeg Geosyncline are closely related to the tungsten ore deposition in the area, the ore minerals are composed mainly of scheelite, powelite molybdenite and sulfide minerals, and gangue minerals are hornblende, diopside, garnet, quartz, phlogopite, tremolite, biotite, muscovite, fluorite, etc., main ore body was enriched by scheelite bearing quartz vein filling into interstices of formerly mineralized zones, and the minor faults, faults of N $60^{\circ}-70^{\circ}W$, $45^{\circ}-60^{\circ}NE$ and joints, which were formed at the end of the mineralization and the slate. Country rock of the ore body was altered into the following several zones from the outside to the inside; lowgrade recrystalline aureole, silicified sericite zone, and diopside-hornblende zone. Under the microscopic observation of 195 samples taken from throughout ore body can be classified into 10 different groups by their mineral paragenesis as shown in table 2. The garnet-diopside group is primary skarn and it shows gradational change to the groups of later stage by the successive processes of metasomatism. From the stage of quartz-bearing group, the dissemination of scheelite is seen. The crystallization of scheelite in the bed started with the quartz deposition and continued to the last stage when quartz vein intruded into the main ore body. In the field and the under ground investigation a durable limestone bed in thickeness about 20 meters and their remnants in ore body are observed and under microscope calcite remnants are recognized. Hence it is posturated that the ore material moved up through the faults, shear zones or feather cracks and was assimilated with the interbeded limestone, after that the body was affected by the successive differentiated ore solution by gradational increasing in $SiO_2$, $K_2O$ and $H_2O$. Evidently this ore deposit shows the features resulted from pyrometasomatic processes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.104-116
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• 1980

The Ulsan mine is one of the largest contact metasomatic magnetite and scheelite deposits in the southeastern part of Korea. Mineralization at the Ulsan mine is localized along the contact between upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks and age unknown limestone which were intruded by 58 m.y. -old biotite-horndlende granite. General zonal sequence of skarn toward crystalline limestone from limestone-volcanics contact is grandite, grandite-salite and salite zones. On the otherhand volcanics origin skarns exhibits zonal sequences toward hornfels from boundary with limestone is garnet, garnet-epidote, and epidote zone. Compositions of garnets and clinopyro xenes are determined by the X-ray diffraction and reflective indecies. Local brecciation of these early skarns were followed by formation of the later skarn as zoned patches, breccia fillings and cross-cutting veins. Paragenetic sequence of late skarn minerals which is exhibited in the zoned patches and veins is an overlapping progression with time from andradite through hedenbergite or actinolite, quartz to calcite deposition. Magnetite metallization followed early formed skarns and pyrite pyrrhoite, sphalerite, galena, tennantite, scheelite and arsenopyrite deposition were simultaneously with hedenbergite, quartz and calcite of late skarn. Filling temperatures of fluid inclusions in calcites range from $160^{\circ}$ to $280^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1977

Chongyang tungsten ore deposits, one of the most important tungsten mines in South Korea, me open space filling hydrothermal vein deposits embedded in Precambrian biotite gneiss and, Cretaceous (?) granite porphyry. Some wolframite-bearing quartz veins are closely associated with -quartz porphyries which strike about $N15^{\circ}-25^{\circ}W$ and dip $800^{\circ}SE$ to vertical. Mineralization took place in near vertical vein systems of 5 to 2000 meter long in the biotite gneiss and granite porphyry stock during early Cretaceous and Tertiary (?) period. The hydrothermal mineral paragensis has indicated that there were two major stages: vein and vug stages. The principal vein mineral is wolframite in a gangue of quartz with small amount of fluorite, pyrite, beryl and carbonate minerals. Present in minor amounts are molybdenite, bithmuthinite, native bismuth, arsenopyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and scheelite. Fluid inclusion study from the minerls at Chongyang mine reveals that vein stage fluids attained a temperature range of $200^{\circ}C-355^{\circ}C$ and vug stage $160^{\circ}C-350^{\circ}C$. The filling temperatures show the higher range of $200^{\circ}-355^{\circ}C$ in quartz and $280^{\circ}C-348^{\circ}C$ in beryls, whereas the lower emperature range of $283^{\circ}C-295^{\circ}C$ in rhodochrosite and $160^{\circ}-253^{\circ}C$ in fluorites. These temperatures are in reasonably good agreement with mineral paragnesis in this ore deposits. Volfamite minerals were analysed for major components. $WO_3$, MnO and FeO by wet chemical method. Chemical analysis indicates that they contain 70.56-71.54% $WO_3$, 8.52-10.01% MnO and 10.00-11.58% FeO. MnO/FeO ratios of wolframites shows the range of 0.78-0.94 which maybe indicates a comparatively high temperature type of hydrothermal deposits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1983

The skarn type tungsten deposits are developed in the contact aureole of Jurassic biotite-hornblende granodiorite and limestone beds. The latter can be divided into the Great Limestone Series of Joseon System and Gabsan Formation which is correlative to the Hongjeom Series of Pyeongahn System. The skarns are impregnated in the limestone, sandstone, schist and granodiorite, and showing zonal distribution. The five skarn zones are from fresh limestone inwards to wollastonite-skarn, clinopyroxene-skarn, clinopyroxene-garnet skarn, garnet skarn and vesuvianite skarn zone. The ore mineral, scheelite, disseminates in the clinopyroxene-garnet and vesuvianite skarn zone, and the size of the scheelite crystals in vesuvianite skarn zone is larger than in clinopyroxene- garnet skarn zone. According to the mineral paragenesis and the composition of skarn minerals, oxygen fugacity ($fo_2$) is low. Fluid inclusions in quartz comprise much $LCO_2$ and fluid inclusion studies revealed that the homogenization temperatures range $240-290^{\circ}C$.