• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.334.3-334.3
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• 2002

Ginseng(the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Araliaceae) has been used for thousands of years as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. The main components of Ginseng are ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc. These compounds are transformed by intestinal microflora. The main metabolite of ginsenosides was compoud K (IH-901). The transformed compound K shows an antimetastic or anticarcinogenic effect by blocking tumor invasion or preventing chromosomal aberration and tumorigenesis. Therefore. we isolated and characterzed ginseng saponin-metabolizing bacteria from human intestinal microffora. Among 200 tested intestinal bacteria. we found 78 bacteris to transform glnseng senseng saponins to compound K. These bacteria were seperated into three group: the first group highy produced ginsenside Rd (29) the second grop produced potently ginsenoside F2 (21) and the third produced compound K(28)

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.577-586
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• 2022

Stress granules (SGs) are stress-induced subcellular compartments, which carry out a particular function to cope with stress. These granules protect cells from stress-related damage and cell death through dynamic sequestration of numerous ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and signaling proteins, thereby promoting cell survival under both physiological and pathological condition. During tumorigenesis, cancer cells are repeatedly exposed to diverse stress stimuli from the tumor microenvironment, and the dynamics of SGs is often modulated due to the alteration of gene expression patterns in cancer cells, leading to tumor progression as well as resistance to anticancer treatment. In this mini review, we provide a brief discussion about our current understanding of the fundamental roles of SGs during physiological stress and the effect of dysregulated SGs on cancer cell fitness and cancer therapy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.365-373
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• 2023

Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscle-to-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2013

MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulations are associated with various types of human cancers, and miRNAs can function as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Emerging evidence has shown that miRNA pathway is also altered during colorectal tumorigenesis. The detection of cancer-related miRNAs in stool samples may become useful diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer, because miRNAs in stool samples has high stability, and maintains a high portion of its original level. Recent studies reported that stool-based miRNAs can offer more sensitivity and specificity than currently used stool-based screening methods for CRC. In addition, unlike fecal occult blood test, sampling on consecutive dates and special dietary restrictions are not required. In this review, the authors discuss stool-based miRNA for the early diagnosis of CRC and perspectives on future application.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2024

Ten cutaneous masses from Djungarina hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were diagnosed as nine atypical fibromas and one fibrosarcoma derived from cutaneous ganglion cell-like cells. Among these patients, nine were male and one was female. Histologically, these abnormal masses were composed of spindle-shaped or polygonal neoplastic 'ganglion cell-like' cells with abundant amphophilic vacuolated cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, these neoplastic cells were stained for vimentin, S100, and neuron-specific enolase. Out of 9 males, 3 showed positive reactions to the androgen receptor. This report provides a detailed histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of atypical fibroma, fibrosarcoma, and the tumorigenesis of ganglion cell-like cells in Djungarian hamsters.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.443-448
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• 2005

Objective: A variety of genetic alterations in human glioblastoma comprises signal transduction and cell cycle arrest control of cellular processes. Subtractive hybridization is potentially a faster method for identifying differentially expressed genes associated with a particular disease state. Using the technique of subtraction, we isolated novel genes that are overexpressed in glioblastoma tissue as compared to normal brain tissue. Methods: We evaluated the differential expression of genes in each of hybridizing tester and driver cDNAs to digested 130 clones. After sequencing of 130 clones and homology search, this study performed to determine mRNA expression of the unknown gene, "clone 47", in brain tissue, glioblasoma, and several cancer cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To test the time course for Go-phase arrest, serum stimulation and expression at various times for RT-PCR performed. Results: We identified 23 novel genes by BLAST of the digested 130 clones. The expressions of "clone 47" mRNA of glioblastoma and several cancer lines were significantly higher than normal brain tissues and several normal cell lines. We confirmed the mRNA expression of "clone 47" was up-regulation for $0.5{\sim}1hr$ of WI-38 cell differentiation. Conclusion: The novel gene, "Clone 47" is upregulated in glioblastoma tissue and several cancer cell lines. This gene is time dependent activation during time course of serum stimulation. This result suggests that "clone 47" playa role in brain tumorigenesis and the activation of this "clone 47" may be necessary for the development of cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3311-3317
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• 2014

Background: The consequence of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (RhoGDI${\alpha}$) activity on migration and invasion of estrogen receptor positive ($ER^+$) and negative ($ER^-$) breast cancer cells has not been studied using the proteomic approach. Changes in expression of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ and other proteins interacting directly or indirectly with RhoGDI${\alpha}$ in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, with different metastatic potentials is of particular interest. Materials and Methods: $ER^+$ MCF7 and ER- MDA-MB-231 cell lines were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and spots of interest were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of- flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis after downregulation of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ using short interfering RNA (siRNA) and upregulated using GFP-tagged ORF clone of RhoGDI${\alpha}$. Results: The results showed a total of 35 proteins that were either up- or down-regulated in these cells. Here we identifed 9 and 15 proteins differentially expressed with silencing of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ in MCF-7 and the MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. In addition, 10 proteins were differentially expressed in the upregulation of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ in MCF7, while only one protein was identified in the upregulation of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ in MDA-MB-231. Based on the biological functions of these proteins, the results revealed that proteins involved in cell migration are more strongly altered with RhoGDI-${\alpha}$ activity. Although several of these proteins have been previously indicated in tumorigenesis and invasiveness of breast cancer cells, some ohave not been previously reported to be involved in breast cancer migration. Hence, these proteins may serve as useful candidate biomarkers for tumorigenesis and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Conclusions: Future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate cell migration. The combination of RhoGDI${\alpha}$ with other potential biomarkers may be a more promising approach in the inhibition of breast cancer cell migration.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2005

Dietary chlarella has known as one of the best candidates for development of multifunctional probiotic foods owing to an excellent nutritional value such as high amount of proteins and various, valuable fatty acids. So many efforts were devoted to studying the chlorella as therapeutic agents or foods fighting against many diseases in the aged people such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In this study, we investigated sizes and weights of tumors derived from mice injected subcutaneously with tumorigenic cells to see if antitumor activity would be found in mice dieted with the chlarella complex. After BALB/c mice were dieted with $5\%$ organic cultured chlorella complex diet throughout for 19weeks, the fibrosarcoma was induced by subcutaneous injection of tumorigenic cells at the 3 weeks before sacrifice. The average weight of tumors in the diet group were significantly reduced to $60\%\;(P=0.012)$ of the one in control group, indicating that diet with the chlarella complex may have anticancer activity in mice. When the mice were dieted with $5\%$ organic cultured chlorella complex for 4 weeks before injecting the tumorigenic cells in order to see tumor-preventive effect of the diet, the potential preventive activity of the diet against cancer was implicated by the observation that the tumors were greatly reduced in the diet group to $37\%$ (P=0.l44) of the control group. Especially, when the $5\%$ diet were applied to mice after injecting with the tumorigenic cells, the tumors derived from the $5\%$ diet group were also decreased to $95\%$ (P=0.002) of those in the control group, suggesting that the diet with the organic cultured chlorella complex may also have therapeutic effect against tumor formation. As results, it was shown that the chlorella complex tested in this study had preventive and therapeutic effects on fighting against tumorigenesis. Therefore, the identification and further mechanistic study of the components which may be associated with antitumor activity from diet of the chlorella complex in the future will contribute to the development of anticancer probiotic foods, alternative therapeutic treatment against cancer, and a new anticancer drug.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.447-457
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• 1990

In order to observe the distribution of mast cell on the stages of the mammary carcinogenesis, the numerical changes of mast cells in the mammary tumor development in rats treated with DMBA and compound 48/80 have been investigated by the light microscope. The results observed were summarized as follows: The appearance of tumor were not observed during the whole experimental period in the rats of the control group received injection of sterile saline, but tumors appeared in 100% of the animals, the tumor induction time that represented the number of days elapsing between the 3rd DMBA administration until a first tumor became $10{\times}10mm$ in diameter was $42.5{\pm}4.7$ days and the mean number of tumor masses per rat was $3.4{\pm}1.2$ in the DMBA treated group. And the majority of the DMBA-induced mammary neoplasms were appeared cervical mammary gland and thoracic mammary gland. The histological findings of mammary carcinoma were recognized adenocarcinoma in the DMBA treated group. Mast cells were distributed within the adipose tissues and the interglandular connective tissue in the control, but found to be randomly dispersed within the tumor cell masses, in the connective tissues adjacent to the periphery of the tumor, the adipose tissues and the subcutaneous tissues contiguous to the region of tumor development in the DMBA treated group. Numerical alterations of mast cells were observed in the mammary tumors that separated into three major classes of tumors: hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma. The number of mast cells were distributed in the connective tissues adjacent to the mammary gland was $45.3{\pm}3.4$ cells in the control group, but was $50.2{\pm}4.9$ cells, $126.7{\pm}10.5$ cells and $340.3{\pm}19.2$ cells according to each stages of mammary tumorigenesis in the DMBA treated group.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1225-1231
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• 2017

Disruptive expression patterns of the circadian clock genes are highly associated with many human diseases, including cancer. Cell cycle and proliferation is linked to a circadian rhythm; therefore, abnormal clock gene expression could result in tumorigenesis and malignant development. The molecular network of the circadian clock is based on transcriptional and translational feedback loops orchestrated by a variety of clock activators and clock repressors. The expression of 10~15% of the genome is controlled by the overall balance of circadian oscillation. Among the many clock genes, Period 1 (Per1) and Period 2 (Per2) are clock repressor genes that play an important role in the regulation of normal physiological rhythms. It has been reported that PER1 and PER2 are involved in the expression of cell cycle regulators including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors. In addition, correlation of the down-regulation of PER1 and PER2 with development of many cancer types has been revealed. In this review, we focused on the molecular function of PER1 and PER2 in the circadian clock network and the transcriptional and translational targets of PER1 and PER2 involved in cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Moreover, we provide information suggesting that PER1 and PER2 could be promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapies and serve as potential prognostic markers for certain types of human cancers.