• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.807-814
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• 2021

This study sought to evaluate the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) prepared by inoculating Bacillus coagulans NRR1207 and a Kefir starter on sows and Holstein cow's. FSBM has high nutritional value due to the hydrolysis of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinin, raffinose and stachyose. In particular, it is widely used as a type of livestock feed due to its high protein content. The composition of FSBM is as follows: crude protein 55.15%, crude fat 2.12% and 0.2% KOH solubility 83.17%, it was higher than soybean meal (SBM). In particular, anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, raffinose and stachyose of FSBM were significantly reduced compared to the SBM. The number of lactic acid bacteria, including B. coagulans NRR1207, is 8.63 × 10⁷ CFU·g^-1, yeast is 1.1 × 10⁶ CFU·g^-1. Offspring numbers, the initial sucking number, sucking days, and weaned numbers of sows fed with FSBM all showed higher values compared to the control group. The average body weight and backfat thickness of sows fed with FSBM increased than those fed with SBM. The weight body of piglets fed with FSBM increased by 1.4 kg compared to the control group. The feed conversion ratio of piglets fed with FSBM was reduced by 10.69% compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that FSBM can provide beneficial effects with regard to the feeding characteristics of sows and piglets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 1990

The purpose of this paper is to develop a colorant from krill, Euphausia superba, process wastes for use in food products. Carotenoproteins were extracted from preboiled krill processing offal(PKPO) and raw frozen krill processing offal(RKPO) with the aid of proteolytic enzymes. The long-term stability of the astaxanthin associated with the carotenoprotein by the addition of pretense inhibitor and antioxidant to the product were also investigated. Total astaxanthin contents of PKPO and RKPO were $35.1mg\%,\;22.1mg\%$ and those in carotenoproteins were $98.6mg\%,\;61.9mg\%$, respectively. The chitin contents of PKPO and RKPO were $6.9\%,\;4.5\%$, however, those of carotenoproteins were not determined. When $0.5\%$ trypsin was added to the extraction medium containing 0.5M $Na_3EDTA$ at $4^{\circ}C,\;74\%$ of astaxanthin and $83\%$ of the protein of PKPO were recovered as carotenoprotein in 24hrs. The amino acid profile in carotenoprotein was mainly composed of glutamic acid, methionine, aspartic acid and isoleurine. Their contents amounted to about 40% of the total amino acids, followed by alanine, phenylalanine, Iysine, leucine, threonine and tyrosine in that order, with a small amount of cysteine and tryptophan. The levels of essential amino acids were high as much as $38.3\%\~43.6\%$ of the total amino acids. The maximum observance of the carotenoid fraction from krill processing offal and from carotenoprotein was 469nm in petroleum ether. The separated components of carotenoprotein by TLC had Rfs $0.20\~0.23\;0.56\~0.60$ and $0.88\~0.91$. The carotenoids were comprised of astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester and asthaxanthin diester in $25\~30\%\;,35\~40\%$and $40\~45\%$, respectively. The loss of carotenoids in the carotenoprotein can be prevented by the addition of pro-tease inhibitor(trasylol) and antioxidant(BHT) below $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 1983

The four varieties of Korean soybeans were allowed to undergo natural fermentation for seven days at ambient temperature. The average pH of the product was 3.93 and titratable acidity was 1.94%. For all varieties of soybeans the content of riboflavin increased from 98 to $309.4{\mu}g/100g$ dry-matter, relative nutritive value from 78.66 to 94.59% and available lysine from 6.56 to 7.38 mg/gN, respectively. During fermentation, the activities of protease and lipase increased, while lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitor activity decreased markedly. The capacity of water sorption of fermented soybean flour was increased with progress of proteolysis during fermentation. The cookie and noodle prepared with 20:80 mixture of fermented soybean flour and wheat flour were in the 'like' category, but it was desirable to neutralize the sour taste produced by fermentation. Among five kinds of products prepared from the fermented soybean flour pan cake was liked most by rural consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.453-458
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• 1994

The nutrient content and protein quality of Giant snalil (Acchatina ) meats (white, yellow, and gray) were determined for fresh and processed products. Fresh snail meats contained 81~82% moisture, 11~14% protein, 0.9~1.3% fat, and 1.2-1.4% ash. Proximate composition of fresh meat varied (p<0.05) with meat colour and gray meat had the lowest protein and highest ash content among samples. The major minerals of fresh snail meats were calcium (318~570mg%), potassium (170~190mg%), and magnesium (74~103mg%).Gray meat showed the higher calcium and lower sodium level than the other snail meats. No differences were found between fresh snail meats on amino acid profile, and total essential amino acid was 46% of total amino acids in all snail meats. In vitro protein digestibility of fresh snail meats were ranged from 76 to 81% which were lower than that of marine moulusks. Processing resulted in some increase(1.7~5.7%) in protein digestibility but no differences were found in C-PER after processing. The 25% saline water extractable mucous materials from fresh snail meat influenced in decreasing digestibility of other protein sources from 2% (casein) to 11% (filefish protein).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2009

In nitrogen-limited conditions, rhizobia lead to formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. The process of nodulation is autoregulated by pre-existing nodules in the same root system. The altered profile of sap proteins by inoculation with B. japonicum may indicate presence of a signal responsible for autoregulation transferred through stem. The 20 kDa protein enhanced by innoculation significantly decreased in intensity from 2.5 to 7 days after inoculation (DAI). However 6 kDa protein did increase during such a transition period. Western blot analysis showed that both 20 kDa and 6 kDa were cross-reacted with the SKTI antiserum. This suggests that SKTI may be involved in soybean nodulation by specific induction and degradation in stem sap during early stage of nodulation. RNAi technique and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation were applied to investigate the function of SKTI in nodulation. We have found that the number of rhizobium-induced nodule was much less in SKTIi-silenced hairy roots than the non-silenced. Indeed the quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression level of SKTI gene was reduced over 40% in the transgenic hairy roots compared to the non-transgenic. It appears that the observed early induction of SKTI and degradation into small peptide in a specific time manner may be involved in autoregulation of nodulation in soybean and the specific mechanism of such regulation remains to be investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1991

Chopped garlic was added to beef to determine its effect on the protein digestion during storage and heat treatment. The digestibility of raw beef without garlic was not significantly changed during storage at $4^{\circ}C$, but increased as garlic added and aging time increased. The optimal aging time and amount of garlic added was varied with heating time. Trypsin inhibitor did not change the digestibility of beef due to its thermal inactivation. Gel chromatography revealed that the lower molecular weight peptides(2,200~6,150 dalton) were shown in beef-garlic mixture through aging and heating procedure. When aged beef with garlic was digested with four-enzyme system, the soluble portion was increased significantly in comparison with that from raw beef without garlic. Protein quality of beef, as measured by computed PER(C-PER), was improved from 2.14 of raw beef to 2.50 of aged beef with chopped garlic.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2010

This study was to evaluate the protein profile of seminal plasma using 2-DE in Hanwoo. Seminal plasma was harvested from five mature Hanwoo, and seminal plasma protein was extracted by M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent. Proteins were refined by clean-up kit and quantified by Bradford method until total protein was $300\;{\mu}l$. Immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strip was used 18 cm and 3~11 NL. SDS-PAGE was used 12% acrylamide gel. Each gels were visualized by comassie brilliant blue and silver staining. These spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS and searched on NCBInr. The result, 20 proteins of 36 protein spots were searched through peptide sequencing on the NCBInr. 8 proteins profiled by 2-DE were proved through previous bovine studies and the name of each protein was albumin, nucleobindin, clusterin, TIMP-2, spermadhesin Z13, spermadhesin-1 and BSP proteins (BSP 30 kDa and BSP A1/A2). 12 new proteins were ATP synthase, protein MAK16 homolog, Transmembrane protein 214, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1A, dual serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinase, tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2, alpha-actinin-4, RUN domain-containing protein 3B, catenin alpha-1, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2, plakophilin-1 and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 has not been previously described in the bovine seminal plasma study. These proteins may be contribute to define the type of proteins affecting fertility of male and improve the fertilizing ability of semen in Hanwoo.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.324-329
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• 1995

The phylogenetic relationships between Cheju native horses and Tsushima native horses were studied by protein polymorphism analyses in 16 gene loci (Trypsin inhibitor: Ti, Chymotrypsin inhibitor: CTi, Albumin: Al, Esterase: Es, Transferrin: Tf, Hemoglobin: Hb, Catalase: Cat, Esterase D: EsD, Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase: GOT, Glyoxalase I: GLO I, Acid phosphatase: AcP, Superoxide dismutase: SOD, Lactate dehydrogenase: LDH, Hexokinase: HK, Malate dehydrogenase: MDH, Malic enzyme: ME). All allelic patterns of the protein loci, except 5 loci (SOD, LDH, HK, MDH, ME), were polymorphic in both two populations. Gene frequencies of the polymorphic loci of the population of Cheju native horses were higher than those of Tsushima native horses. Average heterozygosity in Cheju native horses was 0.375, showing higher than that of Tsushima native horses (0.304). The Da distance and gene identity of two populations were 0.108 and 0.868, respectively. The phylogenetic tree constructed by these results and those previously reported in other horse populations, consisted of three clusters. From this phylogenetic tree, it could be suggested that Cheju native horses and Tsushima native horses had diverged from the Mongolian wild horse (Equus prsewolskii).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 1985

To predict the nutritional quality of seafood proteins using a newer in virto model, 10 species of shellfish protein samples were used in determining the extent of in vitro digestibility, trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS), computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (DC-PER) and predicted digestibility which calculated solely from amino acid profile. The content of TIS in eviscerated samples were ranged from 1.10 to 5.09 mg/g solid, whereas the whole samples were ranged from 1.26 to 7.30 mg/g solid expressed quantitatively as mg of soybean trypsin inhibitor. The in vitro digestibility showed $82{\sim}86%$ for eviscerated samples in contrast with $78{\sim}84%$ for whole ones. Therefore, the results suggested that in vitro digestibility of shellfish was influenced by the present of viscera. The lysine content of Mya arenaria, Saxidomus purpuratus, Anadara subcrenata, and Anadara broughronii were lower than that of ANRC casein, but Corbicula fluminea, Cyclina sinensis, and eviscerated Mytilus edulis, were showed the value about 10.0 g/16g N. In all samples, the content of tryptophan and cystein were more higher than those of ANRC casein. The C-PER of whole samples showed the value below 2.0 while the values above 2.5 noted in the eviscerated samples. DC-PER of most samples were greater than those of C-PER and a greater discrepancies were revealed in whole shellfish which possesses the lower in vitro digestibility. The shellfish sample showed a high in vitro digestibility and a low TIS content such as eviscerated ones may need the DC-PER and predicted digestibility procedures rather than C-PER and four-enzyme in vitro digestibility procedure could offer more advantages in predicting the protein quality of whole shellfish samples which have poor in vitro digestibility and high TIS content.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.359-365
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• 1997

Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strains isolated from pigs, chickens and cattle were examined for the production of staphylokinase after inhibition of staphylococcal proteases by two procedures with EDTA(disodium). In one, EDTA was added to the bovine fibrin-dog plasminogen agar medium in concentration of 0.07% and paper strips soaked in 2mg/ml soy bean trypsin inhibitor were then applied on the agar plates. In the other, paper strips soaked in 5% EDTA solution were applied on the bovine fibrin-dog plasminogen agar plates and the strains to be tested were then streaked at right angles with the strip. By these procedures, staphylokinase activity was detected in 8(88.9%) of 9 strains from diseased pigs and in 57(80.3%) of 71 strains from skin of healthy pigs, but not in any strains from skin of healthy chickens and milk samples of mastitic cattle. Additionally kinase activity in 9 Staphylococcus species and subspecies isolated from bovine intramammary infections was also tested by these procedures. Staphylokinase activity was detected in 74.2% of Staph aureus strains and in 25% of Staph xylosus strains.