• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.233-244
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to improve awareness of network marketing business in South Korea, which takes a quite negative view of network marketing, to raise awareness of "starting up a business" as independent business owners, to assist them in building their own subjecthood in network business and entrepreneurial identity, and ultimately to give some suggestions on how to improve their self-directed entrepreneurial competency and the quality of their business management. To make an empirical analysis of 121 independent business owners of Korean native network marketing, the personal and background variables of the entrepreneurs were selected as independent variables, and entrepreneurship was selected as a mediator variable. The selected dependent variables were financial and non-financial business performances. A multiple regression analysis was conducted by inputting the variables. The findings of the study were as follows: It produced an effect of more financial performance when the innovation of the independent business owners of network marketing was better, and this innovation was possible to have only when they improved in entrepreneurial efficacy and locus of control. In contrast, only authenticity had an effect on boosting non-financial business performance among the factors of entrepreneurship. To have authenticity, it's necessary to strengthen achievement needs and awareness of locus of control among the personal characteristics of the independent business owners of network marketing. Among the factors of entrepreneurship, there was better authenticity when their personal networks were broader among their background characteristics. In addition, self-efficacy that was one of personal characteristics made a direct contribution to the enhancement of non-financial performance. As a result, independent business owners of network marketing are required to hold a strong belief in their own business, to be active in business activities and to have a high efficacy as spontaneous principal agents, and they also are required to have more adventurous, planned, active and propulsive achievement needs that enable them to attain the goals of their business and keep moving forward. Besides, they should foster their locus-of-control competency that is to control, endure and be responsible for a variety of phenomena or incidents that they face, and there will be better financial performance or non-financial performance only when they demonstrate their self-belief and confidence and when they have faith in and conviction about themselves. For independent business owners of network marketing, a consumer-centered thinking that entails authenticity and trustworthiness and touches the hearts of customers is a more effective marketing strategy than an egocentric thinking as sellers when they approach customers. And they are expected to make progress in terms of the quality of business management when their business attachment or enthusiasm is great enough to match their own efficacy with entrepreneurial identity or strike a balance between them.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.909-928
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• 2020

From the early 1970s, the US government began to recognize that penetration testing could not assure the security quality of products. Results of penetration testing such as identified vulnerabilities and faults can be varied depending on the capabilities of the team. In other words none of penetration team can assure that "vulnerabilities are not found" is not equal to "product does not have any vulnerabilities". So the U.S. government realized that in order to improve the security quality of products, the development process itself should be managed systematically and strictly. Therefore, the US government began to publish various standards related to the development methodology and evaluation procurement system embedding "security-by-design" concept from the 1980s. Security-by-design means reducing product's complexity by considering security from the initial phase of development lifecycle such as the product requirements analysis and design phase to achieve trustworthiness of product ultimately. Since then, the security-by-design concept has been spread to the private sector since 2002 in the name of Secure SDLC by Microsoft and IBM, and is currently being used in various fields such as automotive and advanced weapon systems. However, the problem is that it is not easy to implement in the actual field because the standard or guidelines related to Secure SDLC contain only abstract and declarative contents. Therefore, in this paper, we present the new framework in order to specify the level of Secure SDLC desired by enterprises. Our proposed CIA (functional Correctness, safety Integrity, security Assurance)-level-based security-by-design framework combines the evidence-based security approach with the existing Secure SDLC. Using our methodology, first we can quantitatively show gap of Secure SDLC process level between competitor and the company. Second, it is very useful when you want to build Secure SDLC in the actual field because you can easily derive detailed activities and documents to build the desired level of Secure SDLC.