• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the effect of trunk extension strengthening exercise on muscle performance of the upper limb in adolescent baseball player. The twenty people were studied : experimental group(10), comparative group(10). The experimental group has done trunk extension strengthening exercise for 8 weeks. The study analyzes isometric maximal strength of shoulder internal rotation. shoulder external rotation, elbow flexion, elbow extension, forearm pronation, forearm supination and ball speed. All of subjects were tested for 3 times ; pre, mid, post. The results were as follows; 1. Maximal isometric strength of upper limb, during trunk extension strengthening exercise in experimental group, shoulder internal rotation and external rotation showed it has slightly increased and comparative group showed it has no change, but not significant elbow flexion and extension significantly(p<0.05) increased after exercise either for 4 or 8 weeks compared with that of control group. Forearm pronation showed not significantly changed in both group, but significantly different between group either for 4 or 8 weeks. Forearm supination, significantly((p<0.05) increased after 8 weeks in experimental group. 2. Ball speed showed slightly increased but not significantly in experimental group. These results it may expect improvement of upper limb muscle performance of upper limb in adolescent baseball player. However, in case of shoulder a point of view of bunk extension strengthening exercise of this study hasn't a significant influence. More experimental studies are needs, hereafter which will use more experimental subjects and various methods of exercise and new application of treatment term to define significant change.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.277-284
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trunk rotation type by wheel and axle. In order to analysis, 3D-motion analysis and electromyography were conducted on kinematic variables, impulse, average-EMG and integrated-EMG. Twelve healthy (age: $21.8{\pm}2.2$ yrs, height: $175.4{\pm}5.0cm$, weight: $66.7{\pm}6.4kg$) participated in the experiment. The results were as follows; in hand's velocity and acceleration, wheel and axial rotating movement using kinematic chain(type 3) were much faster. In impulse, type 3 was much stronger. In average-EMG, right and left, latissimus dorsi muscles was much stronger. In integrated-EMG, left erector spinae, right/left latissimus dorsi, and left external oblique muscles was much stronger. These results considered that, in the trunk rotation utilizing the kinematic chains action, latissimus dorsi muscles highly contribute to the muscle utilization that makes the rotating movement maximally effective.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.21-31
• /
• 1995

This study was described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance. Two hundred eighty seven subjects, ranging in age from 6 year to 28 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement Patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of three body regions-the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed with respect to age level and sex. The most common form of rising for subject in the 6, 7 year mate group usually involved push and reach pattern with upper extremity, half kneel pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk. In the 6, 7 year female group usually involved symmetrical push pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat with balance step pattern with lower extremity, symmetrical interrupted by rotation pattern with head - trunk. In the teenage and twenties both sex group usually involved symmetrical push pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.177-185
• /
• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of additional isometric contraction of trunk, shoulder, and hip muscles during abdominal crunch exercise on abdominal muscle thickness and to identify the most effective intervention for core muscle activation. Methods : This study was conducted on 22 healthy male adults. Subjects performed three types of crunch exercises (abdominal crunches accompanied by internal and external isometric rotation of the hip, horizontal shoulder adduction and abduction, and rotation of the trunk). The thickness of the transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) were evaluated using ultrasonography. The collected data used one-way repeated ANOVA statistics. Wilcoxon signed-rank test of nonparametric statistics was used for post-test analysis. Results : The IO thickness was significantly lower than general abdominal crunch when shoulder adduction was added (p<.05). The crunch with shoulder abduction, hip external rotation, and ipsilateral trunk rotation was significantly higher than the abdominal crunch (p<.05). The EO thickness was significantly greater in the crunch with hip external rotation than in the abdominal crunch (p<.05). Conclusion : The level of contraction in abdominal muscles appears to vary when isometric contractions of the trunk, shoulder, and hip muscles are added to the abdominal crunch exercise. Therefore, the use of isometric contractions of other joints to selectively induce contraction of the abdominal muscles may be considered.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.413-422
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate changes in the cervical and lumbar flexion-relaxation ratio, range of motion, pressure pain threshold, and perceived comfort following the wearing of a trunk brace during smartphone watching. Methods: To calculate the number of subjects for this study, an analysis with G^*Power was performed at a statistical power of 0.8, an effect size of 0.5, and a significance level of 0.05, based on the results of a preliminary experiment on five subjects. In total, 27 adult men and women were recruited who had been informed of the study's purpose and process and had agreed to participate. All subjects watched content on a smartphone for 20 minutes in the same posture and conditions while wearing and not wearing a trunk brace, and then their cervical and lumbar flexion-relaxation ratio, range of motion, pressure pain threshold, and perceived comfort were measured. Results: Compared to the non-wearing of a trunk brace, the wearing of a trunk brace resulted in a statistically significant smaller decline in cervical extension and right-side cervical rotation (p<0.05). When the subjects wore a trunk brace, their right- and left-side cervical and right-side lumbar pressure pain statistically significantly improved when compared to not wearing a trunk brace (p<0.05). They also perceived a significantly lowered level of comfort 20 minutes after wearing a trunk brace compared to immediately after wearing it (p<0.05). Conclusion: The trunk brace was effective in reducing declines in right-side cervical rotation and the occurrence of left- and right-side cervical and right-side lumbar pressure pain. The findings indicate the need to improve the perceived comfort of trunk braces.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 2005

Objective True lateral scapular image was very important to diagnosis the scapular fracture and dislocation induced by traumatic injury. The aim of this study was to know the patient rotation angle to be showing the scapular true lateral in Korean. Subjects and Materials Thirty patients(22men, 8 women, mean ages 53.4)with scapular pain, had supine anteroposterior projection taken with $32^{\circ}$, $37^{\circ}$, $42^{\circ}$ trunk rotation angle changing the manual angulation material. Radiographs were evaluated independently by 5 experienced observers(1 orthopedics surgery specialist, 1 diagnostic radiology specialist, 3 radiological technologist) They assessed overlab of vertebral border and axillary border of scapular as follows; Totally overlapping of vertebral border and axillary border is 4, partially overlapping is 3, not overlapping is 2 and oblique location with two borders is 1. All observers scored using by PACS monitor. Results $32^{\circ}$ trunk rotation was scored $1.53{\pm}0.39$, $37^{\circ}$ trunk rotation was scored $3.83{\pm}0.15$ and $42^{\circ}$trunk rotation was scored $2.17{\pm}0.43$. There was no difference(p<0.05) between group of more than 100cm of the girth of the chest and group of less than 100cm. Similarly, men and women group showed no difference(p<0.05) with trunk rotation statistically. Conclusions There was no result of trunk rotation angle to radiograph the true scapular lateral image up to date. This studies were summarized as follows; Adaptation of $37^{\circ}$ trunk rotation was the best to show the true scapular lateral image in Korean. Our results were very useful to get the true scapular lateral images in clinic.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for estimating 3-D coordinates of lower trunk muscles using orientation angles during a motion. Traditional 3-D motion analysis system with DLT technique was used to track down the locations of eight reference markers which were attached on the back of the subject. In order to estimate the orientations of individual lumbar vertebrae and musculoskeletal parameters of the lower trunk muscle, the rotation matrix of the middle trunk reference frame relative to the lower trunk reference frame was determined and the angular locations of individual lumbar vertebrae were estimated by partitioning the orientation angles (Cardan angles) that represent the relative angles between the rotations of the middle and lower trunks. When the orientation angles of individual intervertebral joints were known at a given instant, the instantaneous coordinates of the origin and insertion for all selected muscles relative to the L5 local reference frame were obtained by applying the transformation matrix to the original coordinates which were relative to a local reference frame (S1, L4, L3, L2, or L1) in a rotation sequence about the Z-, X- and Y-axes. The multiplication of transformation matrices was performed to estimate the geometry and kinematics of all selected muscles. The time histories of the 3-D coordinates of the origin and insertion of all selected muscles relative to the center of the L4-L5 motion segment were determined for each trial.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2006

This study was to analysis three dimension angle of the upper extremity segment and trunk to putting the protector in women bowlers. For this study, the subjects selected 4 players of national and university team. All subjects putted in the same wrist support to satisfy the experiment conditions. To get three dimensions position coordination of swing motion used for 6 ProReflex MCU 240 camera produced by Qualisys. After position coordination calculation, Three dimension angle of the trunk and the upper extremity segment calculated for Matlab 6.5. the result is following; In the trunk motion, there were little differences among the subjects in a flexion and extension change. There were a lot of differences in motion change of the abduction-adduction and internal-external rotation, but the motion types translated to the adduction-abduction-adduction and from the internal rotation toward the external rotation. In the upper arm segment the Flexion and extension showed a consistent motion in the down swing and up swing phase. And the motion change of abduction-adduction and pronation-supination showed a abduction-adduction-abduction and pronation-supination change during swing phase. In the forearm segment changes, it showed a lot of differences among the subjects and a similar change with the upper arm segment. Especially, the hand segment showed a supination motion from the backswing apex to release phase, but for increasing a rotation velocity of ball, the hand segment translated toward pronation in follow throw phase.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.60-67
• /
• 2017

Background: Scapular downward rotation syndrome (SDRS) is a common scapular alignment impairment that causes insufficient upward rotation and muscle imbalance, shortened levator scapulae (LS) and rhomboid, and lengthened serratus anterior (SA) and trapezius. A modified shrug exercise (MSE), performing a shrug exercise with the shoulders at $150^{\circ}$ abduction, is known as an effective exercise to increase scapular stabilizer muscle activation. Previous studies revealed that scapular exercise are more effective when combined with trunk stabilization exercises in decreasing scapular winging and increasing scapular stabilizer muscle activation. Objects: The purpose of our study was to clarify the effect of MSE with or without trunk stabilization exercises in subjects with SDRS. Methods: Eighteen volunteer subjects (male=10, female=8) with SDRS were recruited for this experiment. All subjects performed MSE under 3 different conditions: (1) MSE, (2) MSE with an abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM), and (3) MSE with an abdominal expansion maneuver (AEM). The muscle thickness of the lower trapezius (LT) and the SA were measured using an ultrasonography in each condition. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the LT, LS, SA, and upper trapezius (UT) muscle activities. Data were statistically analysed using one-way repeated analysis of variance at a significance level of .05. Results: The muscle thickness of the LT and the SA were the significant different in the MSE, MSE with ADIM (MSE+ADIM) and MSE with AEM (MSE+AEM) conditions (p<.05) In both LT and SA, the order of thick muscle thickness was MSE+AEM, MSE+ADIM, and MSE alone. No significant differences were found in the EMG activities of the SA, UT, LS, and LT in all condition. Conclusion: In conclusion, MSE is more beneficial to people with SDRS when combined with trunk stabilization exercises by increased thickness of scapular stabilizer muscles.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study examined the effects of the application of Schroth exercise-based instrument Pilates exercise on the Cobb's angle, angle of trunk rotation, and low back pain of female patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: Three patients with idiopathic scoliosis at a Cobb's angle of 20° or more participated in this study. Among the single-subject experimental research designs, a reversal (ABA) design was performed. In particular, Schroth exercise-based instrument, Pilates exercise, was performed for 10 weeks, consisting of five weeks between the baseline and intervention one period and five weeks between the intervention 1 and intervention 2 periods, and then followed up for five weeks. Results: After the Schroth exercise-based instrument, Pilates exercise, was applied, the Cobb's angle and the angle of trunk rotation decreased compared to the baseline in all subjects, and the follow-up period also showed a continuous decline. After Pilates exercise was performed, low back pain in subjects 1 and 2 was decreased in the intervention 1 period compared to the baseline. The level of low back pain in the intervention 2 period increased compared to the intervention 1 period, but a reduction was noted in the follow-up period. The low back pain in the subject was decreased in all intervention periods and the follow-up period. Conclusion: Schroth exercise-based Pilates exercise improves the Cobb's angle and the angle of trunk rotation for female patients with idiopathic scoliosis in their teens and 20s, and an effective intervention method is proposed for low back pain.