• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a trunk stabilization exercise program on the participants' scoliosis angle, pulmonary function, and growth hormones. Method: In the study, 30 participants were divided into a normal scoliosis exercise group (n=15) and an obese scoliosis exercise group (n=15). The participants performed a trunk stabilization exercise program three times a week for 12 weeks, and the exercise sessions lasted 50 minutes. The participants' pulmonary function [FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF] was measured using a CardioTouch 3000S, and their scoliosis angles were measured using the Cobb's angle. The levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were analyzed on an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. Results: After the intervention, the scoliosis angle, hormone levels, and pulmonary function increased significantly in both groups (p<.05). The result of the intergroup difference test indicated statistically significant differences in the three items (scoliosis angle, hormone levels, and pulmonary function) between the two groups (p<.05). Conclusion: Therefore, this program may be recommended as a therapeutic intervention for patients with scoliosis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the static balance in a sitting position between a group with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and a normal aged-matched group. Forty-nine subjects were included in this study. Thirty-one healthy subjects and eighteen AIS subjects were participated. Each group was tested with the Lumbar Trunk Muscle Endurance Test (LTMET) and Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). The parameters for static balance were sway area, sway path, mean balance, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior angle, and left-right angle of each group with eyes opened and closed. Results from the LTMET showed significantly more increase in the normal group than in the AIS group in the flexor and extensor endurance. The BPM tested showed significantly difference beteen the groups in parameters of sitting balance such as maximum velocity and anterior-posterior sway angle. For the AIS subjects, there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance between eyes opened and eyes closed. In comparisons of the groups with eyes opened there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance. In comparisons of the groups with eyes closed there were significant differences in the sway area, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior sway angle and left-right sway angle. These results suggest that the AIS group relies much more on proprioception than on vision, and develops compensatory passive postures of the spine. Further study is needed to measure many AIS patients with morphologic and electromyographic data for clinical application.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2003

This research was performed to compare spinal segment motion angle between low back pain (LBP) group and painless group during trunk flexion-extension and to investigate the effect of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise on spinal segment motion angle in LBP group. Nine subjects with LBP and ten subjects without LBP participated. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise was performed in LBP group for three weeks, and spinal segment motion angles were compared before and after the exercise performance. Spinal segment motion angles were measured both in sitting and standing position. Results were as followed: 1) Subjects' average age was 24.79 years, height was 167.84 cm, and weight was 59.95 kg. 2) Spinal segment motion angle of T10/l1 was significantly higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05) in sitting position during trunk flexion-extension. 3) In sitting position, whereas entire lumbar segment motion angles were lower in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05), angle of L4/5 was higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05). 4) There was no significant difference in thoracic segment motion angle in standing position. 5) After three weeks of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise, thoracic segment motion angle increased both in sitting and standing position (p<.05). 6) In painless group, there was no significant difference in entire spinal segment motion angles in sitting and standing position (p>.05). When spinal segment motion angles were compared between sitting and standing position, there were slight differences. In sitting position, there was no difference in spinal segment motion angle between LBP group and painless group while hip joint motion angle and sacral inclination angle of LBP group was lower than those of painless group (p<.05). In standing position, lumbar segment motion angle was significantly lower in LBP group than that of painless group. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise influenced thoracic segment motion angle more significantly than lumbar segment motion angle.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of normal timing according to angular motion in PNF patterns on electromyography (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal muscle, external oblique abdominal muscle, and erector spinae. Methods: Ten healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were required to complete following two PNF extremity patterns; upper extremity extension- adduction-internal rotation pattern with $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and lower extremity flexion- adduction-external rotation pattern with $0^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. A paired t-test was used to determine the influence of the two PNF patterns on muscle activity in each muscle. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the ratio of local muscle activity to global muscle activity. Results: In terms of their effect on applied normal timing, the upper and lower extremity pattern significantly affected the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern ((at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) influenced the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). Conclusion: The effect of the upper and lower extremity patterns on applied normal timing was significant in that these patterns increased trunk muscle activation. The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern (at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) increased trunk muscle activation. Normal timing is required to increase trunk muscle strength and extremity movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg flexion patterns according to the hip joint angle on electromyographic activity of the trunk. Methods : Thirty healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following the PNF leg flexion patterns on three different hip joint flexion $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. An surface electromyogram (SEMG) was used to record the electromyographic activities of the trunk muscle in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, erector spinae. The data were analyzed using the a repeated measures of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni's correction. Result : The results of this study are summarized as follows: The EMG activities of internal abdominal oblique and elector spinae muscle showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Conclusion : The result show that electromyographic activity of the trunk muscles significantly changed on PNF leg flexion patterns with difference hip joint angle. Therefore, this study used to basis for the intervention of the trunk muscle strength and stabilization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of short term Schroth exercise on the Cobb angle, angle of trunk rotation (ATR), cosmetic appearance, and quality of life (QOL) in idiopathic scoliosis patients. METHODS: Five subjects with idiopathic scoliosis, (female, 3; male, 2) curvature type: thoracic, 2; lumbar, 3 underwent short term Schroth exercise for seven days. The exercise was performed for 3 h long sessions per day. The Cobb angle and QOL were measured before and after the intervention. ATR and cosmetic appearance were measured once. Sessions consisted of one baseline, seven intervention and three follow-up phases. The sessions were conducted with a one day interval. RESULTS: After the intervention, the Cobb angle was found to be significantly improve (p <.05), while the QOL did not differ (p>.05). The ATR showed decreased trends in the intervention phase. Data points during the intervention and follow-up phases showed a decrease in comparison with data points at the baseline, indicating that Schroth exercise might be effective in reducing the ATR and that these effects can be maintained after the intervention. Cosmetic appearance did not showed changed trends during the Schroth exercise intervention phase. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that short term Schroth exercise may be valuable in improving the Cobb angle and ATR in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate a three dimensional kinematic variables about the last stride and the release phase of the throwing technique for female javelin throwers. For the motion analysis, Six female javelin throwers were used as subjects. Three-dimensional coordinates were collected using the Kwon3D Motion Analysis Package Version 2.1 Program. Two S-VHS Video Cameras were used to record the locations and orientations of control object and the performances of the subjects at a frequency of 6.0 HZ. After the kinematic variables such as the time, the distance, the velocity, and the angle were analyzed about the last stride and release phase, the followings were achieved; 1. For the effectively javelin throwing, the subjects appeared to do long the approach time in the phasel of landing phase, and short the delivery time in release phase 2. In the release event, the other subjects except for subject A appeared to throwing in the lower condition than the height of themselves. This result showed to slow the projecion velocity. 3. For increase the projection vcelocity of the upper extremity joint in the release event, it appeared to do extend rather the shoulder angle than increase the extension of elbow joint. 4. The body of COG angle showed to gradually increase nearly at the vertical axis in the release event. But the front lean angle of trunk showed a small angle compare to increase of the body of COG angle. Therefore for the effectively momentum transmission of the whole body in the javelin, the front and back lean angle of trunk appeared to do fastly transfer the angle displacement in the arch posture or the crescent condition during the deliverly motion of the release phase.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.336-341
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of virtual reality(VR) exercise using XBOX $Kinect^{TM}$ on the scoliometer angle and muscle activities of the trunk. The subjects of the study were 13 young adults who devided into a virtual reality-based exercise group(VREG, n = 7) and a traditional stabilization exercise group(TSEG, n = 6). The VREG received virtual reality game for 5 days a weeks, 30 minutes a day, for a 2 weeks and the TSEG received general trunk stabilization exercise for the same period and frequency. The subjects were measured and compared for muscle activities of trunk stabilization before and after the program. VREG tend to decrease more than TSEG in scoliometer angle. In addition, VREG showed a significant decrease in muscle activities of multifidus. This study presents the impact of virtual reality-based exercise program on trunk balance and stabilization. The following studies need customized programs for subjects that trunk balance and stabilization is required.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.219-226
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of short turn mechanism by describing short turns after kinematic analysis and provide skiers and winter sports instructors with data through which they are able to analyze right postures for turns in skiing in a systematic, rational and scientific manner. Method: For this, a mean difference of kinematic variables (ski-hip angle, ski-shoulder twist angle, pole checking angle, the center of gravity (CG) displacement, trunk forward lean angle) was verified against a total of 12 skiers (skilled and unskilled, 6 persons each), regarding motions from the up-start to down-end points for short turns. Results: There was no difference in a ski-hip twist angle. The ski-shoulder twist angle was large at the up-start point while a pole-checking angle was high at the down-end point in skilled skiers. Concerning the horizontal displacement of CG, skilled skiers were positioned on the right side at the upstart point. No significant difference was observed in the trunk forward lean angle. Conclusion: According to the ski-shoulder twist angle and CG horizontal displacement results, the upper body should be kept leant toward the pole. In addition, big turns should be made via edging and angulation. During pole checking, the hand holding the pole should be thrown and released toward a vector direction of the forearm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.405-412
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the trunk muscle activity on bridging exercise according to the knee joint angle. Methods : Twenty-five healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following four bridging exercises; knee joint flexion $120^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$. Surface electromyography from selected trunk muscles was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Muscle activity was measured by QEMG-4 system(LXM 3204, Laxtha Korea). A repeated measures of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni's correction was used to determine the influence of bridging exercise on muscle activity for each muscle and descriptive statistics was used to determine local/global muscle ratio. Results : The internal oblique of bridging exercises $120^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ showed significantly(p<.05). The erctor spinae of all bridging exercises showed significant excepted between $60^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$(p<.05). Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 4.41, $90^{\circ}$ was 3.94, $60^{\circ}$ was 3.58, $45^{\circ}$ was 3.39. Median of internal oblique/external oblique ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 2.66, $90^{\circ}$ was 2.43, $60^{\circ}$ was 2.87, $45^{\circ}$ was 2.64. Conclusion : Angular motion decreasing with knee joint flexion made erector spinae activation increase. on the other hand, as decreasing abdomen muscle activation, the more performing motor learning is required for abdomen muscle strength and co-contraction for the trunk stabilization.