• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2008

Recently, it is appearing that new paradigm of urban planning that ubiquitous concept such as the u-City, uECO-City is introduced while is rising necessity about third dimensional geo-spatial information of high quality for urban area. Orthophoto can manufacture by expense and time that is less easily than digital map using personal computer even if is not highly technician and according as position relation between manmade feature and natural feature is equal, can get information of distance, angle, horizontal and vertical position coordinate of topographic, area etc.. directly through orthophoto. Also, visual effect is good that orthophoto is expressed by image and interpretation is easy to detailed part of topographic. Manufacture and practical use are consisting in various field, for it is having advantage that can recognize information effectively than digital map. Therefore, this study presents a way of generating a detailed DSM for producing a true-orthphoto of the urban area, and this study also presents a way to produce an optimum true-orthophoto for an urban area by investigating through experiment the optimum variable for the geometric and radiometric correction of the orthophoto. This study also examined the potentials of the thesis by building a 3-dimensional city model of the model region with the above thesis on optimum generating method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.797-803
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of nitrogen supplementation associated with different levels of starch on voluntary intake, digestibility, and rumen and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage (Brachiaria decumbens hay, 7.4% crude protein, CP) were evaluated using ruminal and abomasal cannulated steers. Methods: Five European${\times}$Zebu young bulls (186 kg body weight, BW) were distributed according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square. The following treatments were evaluated: control, supplementation with 300 g CP/d (0:1), supplementation with 300 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (1:1), supplementation with 600 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (2:1), and supplementation with 900 g starch/d and 300 g CP/d (3:1). A mixture of nitrogenous compounds provided 1/3 from true protein (casein) and 2/3 from non-protein nitrogen (mixture of urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) was used as the nitrogen supplement. In order to supply energy a unique source of corn starch was used. Results: Supplements increased (p<0.05) dry matter intake, but did not affect (p>0.05) forage intake. There was a cubic effect (p<0.05) of starch on voluntary intake. This was attributed to the highest forage intake (g/kg BW) when using the 2:1 starch:CP ratio. Supplements increased (p<0.05) organic matter (OM) digestibility, but did not affect (p>0.05) neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) digestibility. There was a positive linear effect (p<0.05) of the amount of starch supplemented on OM digestibility. Total NDFap digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by the amount of supplemental starch. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, however, a negative linear effect (p<0.05) of amount of starch was observed. Supplements increased (p<0.05) the nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. These effects were attributed to increased body anabolism, supported by higher (p<0.05) serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1. Increasing the amount of starch tended (p<0.06) to linearly increase the NB. In spite of this, there was a highest NB value for the 2:1 starch:CP ratio amongst the treatments with supplementation. Conclusion: Nitrogen supplementation in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage increases nitrogen retention in the animal's body. An additional supply of starch increases nitrogen retention by increasing energy availability for both rumen and animal metabolism.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2016

Objectives: The crude extracts of Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB) have traditionally demonstrated inhibitory effects on numerous human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer on world. The authors investigated the effects of an ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don (ESB) on the growth and survival of MKN-45 cells (a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line). Methods: The MKN-45 cells were treated with different concentrations of ESB, and cell death was examined using an MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Analyses of sub-G1 peaks, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial membrane depolarizations were conducted to determine the anti-cancer effects of SB on MKN-45 cells. Also, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was investigated. Results: ESB inhibited the growth of MKN-45 cells, caused cell cycle arrest, and increased the sub-G1 population. In addition, ESB markedly increased mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the activities of caspase-3 and -9. ESB exerted anti-proliferative effects on MKN-45 cells by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and by increasing the generation of ROS. Furthermore, combinations of anti-cancer drugs plus ESB suppressed cell growth more than treatments with an agent or ESB, and this was especially true for cisplatin, etoposide, and doxorubicin. Conclusion: ESB has a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on MKN-45 cells and this is closely associated with the induction of apoptosis. ESB-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondria-, caspase- and MAPK dependent pathways. In addition, ESB enhances ROS generation and increases the chemosensitivity of MKN-45 cells. These results suggest that treatment with ESB can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells by modulating the caspase-, MAPK- and ROS-dependent pathway.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2013

Previous studies related with the relationship between R&D and innovation have focused on the role of R&D on innovation, and the empirical results have been not consistent. Although government policy supports have been considered a crucial factor to make innovation, it is true that there are little studies investigating the moderating effects of government policy supports on the relationship between R&D and innovation. The studies related with government policy supports mainly examined the direct effects of government policy supports on innovation. Using 2008 innovation activity table from STEPI, this study investigated the effect of R&D on innovation and the moderating effects of government policy support on the relationship between R&D and innovation. The data used in this study contains 532 Korean small and medium sized firms and information was collected over 3 years(2006-2008). The empirical results reports that R&D positively influences innovation and the moderating effects of government policy on the relationship is statistically significant. Therefore, This study suggests that R&D is required to firms for innovation and government policy supports are needed for connecting the R&D and innovation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.177-193
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• 2016

After more than half of century since the Warburg effect was described, this atypical metabolism has been standing true for almost every type of cancer, exhibiting higher glycolysis and lactate metabolism and defective mitochondrial ATP production. This phenomenon had attracted many scientists to the problem of elucidating the mechanism of, and reason for, this effect. Several models based on oncogenic studies have been proposed, such as the accumulation of mitochondrial gene mutations, the switch from oxidative phosphorylation respiration to glycolysis, the enhancement of lactate metabolism, and the alteration of glycolytic genes. Whether the Warburg phenomenon is the consequence of genetic dysregulation in cancer or the cause of cancer remains unknown. Moreover, the exact reasons and physiological values of this peculiar metabolism in cancer remain unclear. Although there are some pharmacological compounds, such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, dichloroacetic acid, and 3-bromopyruvate, therapeutic strategies, including diet, have been developed based on targeting the Warburg effect. In this review, we will revisit the Warburg effect to determine how much scientists currently understand about this phenomenon and how we can treat the cancer based on targeting metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.434-441
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• 2023

This study investigated quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of beetroots after blanching. Beetroots were blanched in distilled water, 2% NaCl water, and 2% citric acid water at 100℃ for 3 minutes (the blanched group). The moisture content was highest in the control (CON) at 91.30% (p<0.05), and cooking loss was lowest in the water-blanched beetroot (BW) at 5.39% (p<0.01). Chromaticity decreased after blanching compared to CON (p<0.001). Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) decreased after blanching, and as a result of comparing the True retention (TR) of the blanching treatment group, BW had the highest with TPC TR 91.22% and TFC TR 70.51%. DPPH and ABTS+radical scavenging activities were highest in the CON, and in the blanching group BW was highest scavenging activity. The total number of microorganisms in the CON group was 2.97 log CFU/g, whereas no microorganisms were detected in the blanched groups. Therefore, this study, blanching in water without additives is the most appropriate method for preserving physiologically active substances and nutrients in beetroots and inhibiting microbial growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1634-1638
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• 2002

Quantification of endogenous amino acid loss at the terminal ileum is an essential means for calculation of the true amino acid digestibility of a feedstuff. Since nitrogen appeared in the determined diet or not could shift the results very much, also, none of digestibility markers could be recovered with 100% rate at the terminal ileum, the objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine endogenous amino acid losses when fed either a casein diet or a protein-free diet and (2) to examine the reliability of chromic oxide or acid insoluble ash in the protein-free diet. Six ileal-cannulated pigs ($65{\pm}1.85 kg$ BW) with a simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square designed trial, after allowed a 14 d recuperation period. Each test period ran for 12 days comprised of a 10 d adjustment period and a 2 d collection period. The endogenous AA losses of His, Ile, Lys, Cys, Thr, Val, Trp, Asp, Glu, and Ser from pigs fed the casein diet were significantly higher than those of the protein-free diet (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the amount of endogenous amino acid loss when determined with the different markers in the protein-free diet (p>0.05). These data suggest that endogenous amino acid loss could be underestimated when a protein-free diet is used. A direct effect of dietary peptides on the endogenous amino acid loss was found when the casein diet was fed. Our results also indicate that acid insoluble ash can be used as an inert marker as an alternative to chromic oxide when measuring endogenous amino acid loss.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 1999

Orius strgicollis Poppius is an endemic natural enemy of thrips recently found. To estimatethe optimum temperature for rearing in laboratory, development and oviposition of 0. strigicollis wasstudied at 15, 20, 25 and 30$^{\circ}$C with a 16L : 8D photoperiod and 60-80% RH. Cotton aphid, Aphisgossipyii, was supplied as prey. Total number of eggs laid per female ranged from 39.1 to 68.5 with thehighest at 25$^{\circ}$C. Adult longevity decreased as temperature increased, and the reverse was true for eggsurvivorship. Survivorship of larvae was 26.7,43.3, 76.7 and 46.7% at 15, 20, 25 and 30$^{\circ}$C, respectively.Duration of eggs and larvae at tested temperatures ranged from 3.4 days to 18.9 days and from 9.4 days to45.6 days, respectively. A linear regression model could describe development of the predator as afunction of temperature (R2=0.949-0.997). The lower developmental threshold temperatures for egg,larvae, and total immature stage were estimated to be 12.4, 11.4, and 11.6"C, respectively.6"C, respectively.vely.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2018

The effect of soil grinding on total As and Pb concentrations determined by aqua regia method was examined. Among six field-collected, air-dried soil samples tested, soils A, B, C, and E were directly sieved through a $150-{\mu}m$ sieve without grinding and showed 2.18 to 3.03 times higher total As concentrations and 2.62 to 3.45 times higher total Pb concentrations than those of the soil samples prepared to allow all soil particles to pass through the $150-{\mu}m$ sieve by grinding. The reason can be ascribed to the fact that those soils contain fine particles (i.e., < $150{\mu}m$ in diameter) only 4.6 to 6.8% of the total soil weights. On the other hand, for D and F soils, fine particles smaller than $150{\mu}m$ accounted for 57 and 46%, respectively, so that the effect of grinding on As and Pb concentrations were relatively low (As: 1.15 and 1.23 times, Pb: 1.36 and 1.49 times, respectively). The result demonstrates that grinding prior to $150-{\mu}m$ sieving is necessary to ensure the homogeneity of soil samples and hence to obtain more accurate heavy metal concentrations in soils. This is especially true for soil samples with less fine soil particles and/or microaggregates (i.e., below $150{\mu}m$).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between threonine (Thr) efficiency and Thr dehydrogenase (TDG) activity as an indicator of Thr oxidation on chicks fed with levels of diets (CP [17.5% and 21.5%] and Thr [3.8 and 4.7 g/100 g CP]; glycine [Gly][0.64% and 0.98%] and true digestible Thr [dThr] [0.45% and 0.60%]). Calculation of the Thr efficiency was based on N-balance data and an exponential N-utilization model, and TDG activity was determined as accumulation of aminoacetone and Gly during incubation of hepatic mitochondria. This study found that in the liver of chicks who received a diet containing up to 0.79% Thr (4.7 g Thr/100 g of CP) in the 17.5% CP diet, no significant (p>0.05) effect on TDG activity was observed. However, significantly (p = 0.014) increased TDG activity was observed with a diet containing 21.5% CP (4.7 g Thr/100 g of CP) and the efficiency of Thr utilization showed a significant (p = 0.001) decrease, indicating the end of the Thr limiting range. No significant (p>0.05) effect on the total TDG activity and accumulation of Gly was observed with addition of Gly to a diet containing 0.45% dThr. In addition, addition of Gly to a diet containing 0.60% dThr also did not result in a change in accumulation of Gly. Due to an increase in accumulation of aminoacetone, an elevated effect on total TDG activity was also observed. No significant (p>0.05) reduction in the efficiency of Thr utilization was observed after addition of Gly at the level of 0.45% dThr. However, significantly (p<0.001) reduced efficiency of Thr utilization was observed after addition of Gly at the level of 0.60% dThr. Collectively, we found that TDG was stimulated not only by addition of Thr and protein to the diet, but also by addition of Gly, and efficiency of Thr utilization was favorably affected by addition of Gly at the level near to the optimal Thr concentration. In addition, no metabolic requirement of Gly through the TDG pathway was observed with almost the same accumulation of Gly and a slight increase in TDG activity by addition of Gly. Thus, our findings suggest that determination of TDG activity and parameter of efficiency of Thr utilization may be useful for evaluation of dietary Thr level.