• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.593-602
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• 2007

The frequency of tropical nights and tropical days in Busan during summer season (June-August) from 1995 to 2004 were investigated. When air temperature higher than $25^{\circ}C$ continuously maintains at night in summer, it is called the occurrence of tropical night. Tropical day is defined that maximum air temperature is higher than $30^{\circ}C$, In Jin-Gu and Daeyeon-dong shows a lot of frequency of tropical day and tropical night because there were located in downtown. Relatively, the areas where are located in seaside and riverside show very low frequency. This can be explained the cooling effects of sea and river. The main meteorological characteristics during tropical nights and tropical days is proved pattern of reverse tendency through wind rose. We analyzed heat index and discomfort index during tropical night and tropical day. This study is useful to understand the aspect of urban thermal environment but need some more observation to quantify.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.667-677
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the actual status of the urban heat island in Daegu by analyzing the data of 17 automatic weather stations installed in the Daegu area. And the results can be summarized as follows: First, regarding the temperature distribution in Daegu by summer time zones, for the 31 days(August 1st till 31st), 18 days showed daily maximum temperature over $30^{\circ}C$, and 11 days indicated daily minimum temperature over $25^{\circ}C$. The day that showed the highest daily maximum temperature was August 5th, which indicated $36^{\circ}C$. Second, about the spatial distribution of time ratio exceeding $30^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, the area with the highest time ratio exceeding $30^{\circ}C$ is mostly the downtown(central area), eastern area, and northern area. Meanwhile, regarding the time ratio exceeding $25^{\circ}C$, the downtown area centering around the central area were high as over 70%, and the outskirts were low as under 65%. Third, considering the temporal distribution of daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature, daily maximum temperature was shown around 14:00 to 15:00 while the daily minimum temperature was indicated around 17:00 to 18:00. Daily maximum and minimum temperature were appeared at northeast and downtown, respectively. Fourth, regarding the spatial distribution of tropical days and tropical night days, tropical days showed 77% and tropical night days indicated 42% before and after the 24th and also the 13th each. Tropical days were occurred up to 24 days at northeastern area. And the southwestern area of Daegu showed under 22 days. The downtown showed the 14 days of the tropical night. However, the outskirts indicated relatively few days as under 10 days. Fifth, about the spatial distribution of the average daily temperature range (the difference between the highest temperature and lowest temperature), the central area, the central part of the city, showed the smallest as $7.2^{\circ}C$, and as it was closer to the northern area, it became larger, so in the eastern and northern area, it was over $8.8^{\circ}C$ or so.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1493-1500
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• 2015

Observation data (1981-2014) and climate change scenario data (historical: 1981-2005; RCP 2.6 and 8.5: 2006-2100) were used to analyze occurrence and future outlook of the extreme heat days and tropical nights in Daegu and Jeju. Then we compared the mortality and observations data (1993-2013). During 1981-2014, the average of extreme heat days (tropical nights) was 24.41 days (12.47 days) in Daegu, and 6.5 days (22.14 days) in Jeju. Extreme heat days and tropical nights have been similarly increased in Daegu, but tropical nights increased more than extreme heat days in Jeju. Extreme heat days and tropical nights in both, Daegu and Jeju showed high correlation with daily mortality, specifically Daegu's correlation was higher than that of jeju. The yearly increasing rate of extreme heat of the future (2076-2100) was 1.7-3.6 times and 7.8-37.7 times higher than the past (1981-2005) in Daegu and Jeju, respectively. The yearly increase rate of tropical nights of future was 2.6-5.0 times and 2.9-5.6 times higher in Daegu and Jeju, respectively. During 2006-2100 periods, the trend of extreme heat days was observed both in Daegu and Jeju. On the average, extreme heat days and tropical nights in Jeju increased more than that of Daegu. However, the trend of extreme heat days increase in Daegu was higher than that in Jeju, whereas, the trend of tropical nights in Jeju was higher than that in Daegu.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.697-704
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• 2003

Through data analysis using the meteorological data during 40 years(1961∼2000) for 2 stations(Daegu and Chupungnyong), we studied the present condition and long-term trends in urban climatic environments of Daegu. It was found that there was about 1.5$^{\circ}C$ rise in annual mean temperature of Daegu from 1961 to 2000. On the other hand, that of Chupungnyung was not more than 0.4$^{\circ}C$ for the same period. The regional disparity in temperature changes has been caused by the difference of urban effects on climate between two regions. In particular, the urban warming appears more significant in winter season. There was about 3$^{\circ}C$ rise in annual mean daily minimum temperature of winter season(Dec.∼Feb.) in Daegu. As the result, the number of winter days continuously decreased from 115 days(1961) to 75 days(2000). The long-term trends of relative humidity were also studied to exame the effects of urbanization on climate in Daegu. It was found that there was about 7% decrease in relative humidity of Daegu during past 40 years(1961∼2000). On the other side, the decrease of Chupungnyung was not more than 2% for the same period. The long-term trends of the other climatic factors(fog days, tropical night days, etc) were also studied in this study.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristic of thermal environment in the summer season by conducting the field observation of temperature, relative humidity, and globe temperature in some parts of the city. Observation point was divided to a densely populated area, a residential area, a green area, a waterfront green area and a suburban district by the distribution ratio of green area. In this study, the correlation between maximum temperature and globe temperature, study on index for intensity of the tropical night and the temperature distribution characteristic of measurement points by the distribution ratio of green area were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. (1) The difference between temperature and globe temperature by the distribution ratio of green area is confirmed. The difference of nighttime is more clearly that of daytime. (2) The average temperature and globe temperature of the densely populated area($29.2^{\circ}C$, $33.7^{\circ}C$) are higher than that of the waterfront green area($27.9^{\circ}C$, $32.0^{\circ}C$) by $1.3^{\circ}C$ and $1.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. (3) The number of tropical nights has different days of tropical nights by the distribution ratio of green area of 17days for the Daegu weather station, 14days for adensely populated area, 14days for a residential area, 6days for a green area, 2days for a waterfront green area, and 2days for a suburban district. (4) The results of the slope of trend line for the effects of the temperature on globe temperature change and the intercept for the size of the impact of radiant energy gained around by the analysis of the correlation between the maximum temperature and globe temperature can be utilized objective evaluation index of the each point's artificial effects.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2016

The relationship between the climate and the number of heat-related patients in South Korea was analysed in this study. The number of the patients was 1,612 during the summer 2011 to 2015 according to the Heat-related Illness (HRI) surveillance system. The coefficient of determination between the number of the patients and the daily maximum temperature was higher than that between the number of them and the other elements: the daily mean/minimum temperature and relative humidity. The thresholds of daily maximum and minimum temperature in metropolitan cities (MC) were higher than those in regions except for MC (RMC). The higher the maximum and minimum temperature became, the more frequently the heat-related illness rate was observed. The regional difference of this rate was that the rate in RMC was higher than that in MC. Prolonged heat wave and tropical night tended to cause more patients, which continued for 20 days and 31 days of maximum values, respectively. On the other hand, the relative humidity was not proportional to the number of the patients which was rather decreasing at over 70% of relative humidity.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.724-729
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• 2016

지금까지 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는 환경요인에 관한 연구는 많지 않으며 특히 야간에 우는 매미에 대한 이해는 매우 부족한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 도심지 열대야 및 빛 공해가 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는지 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 서울시 서초구 아파트단지와 원주시 치악산국립공원이었다. 연구 대상종은 여름철 우점종인 참매미와 말매미를 선정하였다. 매미 울음은 7~8월 사이에 아파트단지는 25일간, 치악산은 14일간, 매일 24시간 녹음하였다. 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는 환경요인은 기온, 강수량, 습도, 일조량을 선정하였다. 통계분석은 시간당 울음, 24시간 울음, 야간 울음(21:00~04:00)의 세 가지 항목과 기상요인과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 첫번째, 참매미는 아침 여명기에 울음을 시작하고 이른 아침에 울음의 피크를 이루며, 말매미는 오전과 오후에 울음의 피크를 형성하고 저녁 여명기에 울음을 멈추어 두 종간 울음 패턴의 차이가 있었다. 두 번째, 참매미는 말매미가 본격적으로 울기 시작하면 울음 빈도가 낮아져 종간 영향을 미칠 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 세 번째, 참매미와 말매미 울음과 기상요인과의 상관관계 분석결과, 두 종 모두 기온이 높을수록 많이 울고 비가 오는 날은 적게 우는 경향을 나타내었다. 네 번째, 야간으로 한정해 보았을 때, 말매미는 야간의 온도가 높을 때($24^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, 평균 $27^{\circ}C$) 우는 데 반해, 참매미는 기상요인과는 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 참매미는 조명이 있는 지역에서만 야간에 울고 있어 빛공해가 원인으로 추정되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2001

To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from .lune to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun. ; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%) Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37 1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An. sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.67-86
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• 1991

경북지역에서의 뇌염매개모기, 작은빨간집모기 (Culex tritaeniorhynchus)의 계절적 출현 소장과 군집변동이 일본뇌염 발생과 유행에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해서 1984년부터 1990년까지 경산군 1 개소에 유문등으로 1주일에 한번씩 성충을, 1990년 4월부터 9월까지 경북농촌진흥원 부속농장에서 모기유충을 채집하였다. 1984년부터 1990연까지 유문등에 처음으로 작은빨간집모기가 채집되는 날짜는 연도별로 큰 차이를 나타내었으며, 6월 4일부터 28일 사이에 채집되었고, 가장 높은 군집밀도를 보인 것은 8월 중순에서 9월초였고, 그 후 점점 감소하여 10월 말에는 채집되지 않았다. 작은빨간집모기의 채집되는 수는 1985년 이후 급격히 감소하여, 1989년에는 가장 적은 수가 채집되었다. 첫 3년 동안은 최고 군집밀도가 8월에 관찰되었고, 그 이후해에서 모기수의 감소와 함께 늦어지는 것을 알았다. 야간활동성은 저녁 8∼9시 사이에 가장 왕성하며, 그 후 점차 감소하다가 새벽 4∼5시 다시 약간 증가하였다. 작은빨간집모기 유충은 7월 중순에 논에서 처음으로 발견되었고, 그 밀도는 8월 중순에 가장 높았으며, 최고 군집밀도는 1m2당 평균수는 14,900마리였다. 9월 하구 이후부터는 그 밀도가 현저히 감소하였다. 작은빨간집모기 유충은 5종의 유기린제에 대하여 높은 저항성을 나타내었다. 곤충 사육실내에서 작은빨간집모기, 경산 종의 생명표 특성에서 평균수명은 암컷은 59.8일이었고, 수컷은 28.3일이 었으며, Net reproductive rate는 7.8, Generation time은 15.5일였다.