• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.415-422
• /
• 1996

Tritium removal from tritiated heavy water in a PHWR is the most effective way in reducing workers' internal dose and radioactivity emissions from Wolsong NPP. The optimum design of the Wolsong TRF (Tritium Removal Facility) was carried out using an approximate short-cut method with an assumption that the TRF, designed to extract 8 MCi per year of elemental tritium from a heavy oater feedstream, uses Liquid Phase Catalytic Exchange (LPCE) front-end process and Cryogenic Distillation (CD) process.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.107-109
• /
• 2022

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.402-408
• /
• 2015

In D-T fusion reaction, $D_2$ (duterium) and $T_2$(tritium) are used as fuel gas. The exhaust gas of nuclear fusion includes hydrogen isotopes $Q_2$ (Q means H, D or T), tritiated components ($CQ_4$ and $Q_2O$), CO, $CO_2$, etc. All of hydrogen isotopes should be recovered before released to the atmosphere. This study focused on the recovery of hydrogen isotopes from $CQ_4$ and $Q_2O$. Two kinds of experiments were conducted to investigate the catalytic reaction characteristics of SMR (Steam Methane Reforming) and WGS (Water Gas Shift) reactions using Pt catalyst. First test was performed to convert $CH_4$ into $H_2$ using 6% $CH_4$, 6% CO/Ar feed gas. In the other test, 100% CO gas was used to convert $H_2O$ into $H_2$ at various reaction conditions (reaction temperature, S/C ratio, GHSV). As a result of the first test, $CH_4$ and CO conversion were 41.6%, 57.8% respectively at $600^{\circ}C$, S/C ratio 3, GHSV $2000hr^{-1}$. And CO conversion was 72% at $400^{\circ}C$, S/C ratio 0.95, GHSV $333hr^{-1}$ in the second test.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 1994

2000년대에 진입하게 되면 월성원자력발전소에서는 4기의 가압중수로형 원자로가 상업발전을 하게 되어서 많은 양의 삼중수소($^{3}$H)가 필연적으로 주변환경에 누출될 것이다. 이러한 방사성 핵종은 삼중수소의 형태로 편재되어 있으면서도 지속성을 갖고 있어서 우리의 환경에 쉽게 분포된다. 삼중수소는 베타방사선량 계측과 보건위해 평가를 위해 독특한 과제를 제시하는 특성을 갖고 있어서 본 논문에서는 삼중수소에 관한 여러가지 문제들을 보건물리와 관련하여 특성과 원천, 신진대사와 선량계측, 미세선량계측, 방사생물, 위해평가, 환경 경로 및 순환 등의 견지에서 정리하였다.

• Korean Membrane Journal
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1999

Pd-ceramic composite membranes and catalytic membrane reactors(CMR) have been studied for hydrogen and its isotopes (deuterium and tritium) purification and recovery in the fusion reactor fuel cycle. Particularly a closed-loop process has been studied for recovering tritium from tritiated water by means of a CMR in which the water gas shift reaction takes place. The development of the techniques for coating micro-porous ceramic tubes with Pd and Pd/Ag thin layers is described : P composite membranes have been produced by electroless deposition (Pd/Ag film of 10-20 $\mu$m) and rolling of thin metal sheets (Pd and Pd/Ag membranes of 50-70 $\mu$m). Experimental results of the electroless membranes have shown a not complete hydrogen selectivity because of the presence of some defects(micro-holes) in the metallic thin layer. Conversely the rolled thin Pd and Pd/ag membranes have separated hydrogen from the other gases with a complete selectivity giving rise to a slightly larger (about a factor 1.7) mass transfer resistance with respect to the electroless membranes. Experimental tests have confirmed the good performances of the rolled membranes in terms of chemical stability over several weeks of operation. Therefore these rolled membranes and CMR are adequate for applications in the fusion reactor fuel cycle as well as in the industrial processes where high pure hydrogen is required (i.e. hydrocarbon reforming for fuel cell)

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제49권7호
• /
• pp.1483-1488
• /
• 2017

In order to predict and control the environmental and health impacts of ionizing radiation in environmental sources such as groundwater, it is necessary to identify the radionuclides present. Beta-emitting radionuclides are frequently identified by measuring their characteristic energy spectra. The present work shows that self-attenuation effects from volume sources result in a geometry-dependent shift in the characteristic spectra, which needs to be taken into account in order to correctly identify the radionuclides present. These effects are shown to be compounded due to the subsequent shift in the photon spectra produced by the detector, in this case an inorganic solid scintillator ($CaF_2:Eu$) monitored using a silicon photomultiplier. Using tritiated water as an environmentally relevant, and notoriously difficult to monitor case study, analytical predictions for the shift in the energy spectra as a function of depth of source have been derived. These predictions have been validated using Geant4 simulations and experimental results measured using bespoke instrumentation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.337-342
• /
• 2003

On a basis of the washout model and concentrations of anthropogenic tritium in rainwater around the Wolsong site, the washout coefficients of tritium by rainwater were calculated, and the validity of washout deposition model are estimated. As the result of that, the washout coefficients in 10 sampling stations around Wolsong site were in the range of $2.9{\times}10^{-5}\;-\;16{\times}10^{-5}\;s^{-1}$ with the mean value of $7.21{\times}10^{-5}\;s^{-1}$. The validity of the washout deposition model was confirmed by comparing the observed data with the calculated ones.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2005

삼중수소의 환경방출에 따른 주민선량의 규제이행을 위해 개발된 NEWTRIT모델, AIRDOS-EPA 모델, NRC 모델의 평가 방법을 고찰하고, 활용 가능한 국내 특성자료를 사용하여 예측결과를 비교하였다. 이들 모델 중에서 가장 최근에 개발된 NEWTRIT 모델만이 tritiated water (HTO) 방출에 따른 organically bounded tritium (OBT)의 영향을 고려한다. 평가결과 삼중수소의 환경방출로 인해 모든 가능한 경로로부터 받게 되는 총 피폭선량은 AIRDOS-EPA 모델의 예측결과가 NEWTRIT모델과 NRC모델에 비해 각각 1.03배, 2.46배 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과로부터 NRC모델로 예측되는 피폭선량이 실제 주변주민이 받을 수 있는 피폭선량을 과소평가할수 있다고 이해해서는 안될 것이다. 왜냐하면 삼중수소의 환경내 거동에 대한 불확실성은 매우 크기 때문에 규제이행을 위한 수학적 모델과 관련 변수 값은 극히 보수적 가정에 근거하기 때문이다. NEWIRIT 모델로 예측된 식품섭취에 의한 피폭선량에서 우리나라의 주식인 곡류의 상대적으로 많은 섭취로 OBT는 HTO와 거의 대둥한 수준의 영향을 나타내었다. 삼중수소의 환경방출에 따른 총 피폭선량에서 NRETRIT 모델은 AIRDOS-EPA 모델과 유사한 예측결과를 나타내지만, NEWTRIT 모델은 식품섭취에 따른 OBT의 영향을 고려함으로써 환경으로 방출된 HTO 거동의 현상적 이해 둥에 있어서 보다 의미가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회
• /
• pp.464-473
• /
• 2005

삼중수소의 환경방출에 따른 주민선량의 규제이행을 위해 개발된 NEWTRIT 모델, AIRDOS-EPA 모델, NRC 모델의 평가 방법을 고찰하고, 활용 가능한 국내 특성자료를 사용하여 예측결과를 비교하였다. 이들 모델 중에서 가장 최근에 개발된 NEWTRIT 모델만이 tritiated water (HTO) 방출에 따른 organically bounded tritium (OBT)의 영향을 고려한다. 평가결과 삼중수소의 환경방출로 인해 모든 가능한 경로로부터 받게 되는 총 피폭선량은 AIRDOS-EPA 모델의 예측결과가 NEWTRIT 모델과 NRC 모델에 비해 각각 1.03배, 2.46배 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과로부터 NRC 모델로 예측되는 피폭선량이 실제 주변주민이 받을 수 있는 피폭선량을 과소 평가할 수 있다고 이해해서는 안될 것이다. 왜냐하면 삼중수소의 환경내 거동에 대한 불확실성은 매우 크기 때문에 규제이행을 위한 수학적 모델과 관련 변수 값은 극히 보수적 가정에 근거하기 때문이다. NEWTRIT 모델로 예측된 식품섭취에 의한 피폭선량에서 우리나라의 주식인 곡류의 상대적으로 많은 섭취로 OBT는 HTO와 거의 대둥한 수준의 영향을 나타내었다. 삼중수소의 환경방출에 따른 총 피폭선량에서 NEWTRIT 모델은 AIRDOS-EPA 모델과 유사한 예측결과를 나타내지만, NEWTRIT 모델은 식품섭취에 따른 OBT의 영향을 고려함으로써 환경으로 방출된 HTO 거동의 현상적 이해 등에 있어서 보다 의미가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.1
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2006

Tritium has been used to directly measure the exchangeable hydrogen in bleached softwood kraft pulp. The hydrogen atoms associated with hydroxyl groups in pulp or with water contained in the pulp can dissociate and exchange with the hydrogen atoms in bulk water. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen and behaves almost identically to it. The distribution of tritium between pulp and water ($k_{pw}$) can be easily measured and becomes an index of the protons available fur hydrogen bonding. Bleached kraft pulp was refined in a PFI mill to a range of freenesses. Tritiated water was added and the amount exchanged measured. There was a slight steady increase in $k_{pw}$ until approximately 300 CSF; $k_{pw}$ then rose sharply between 300 CSF and 100 CSF. This rise appears to correlate with FSP. It is likely that the action of refining on the fiber reaches a threshold at about 300 CSF causing the fiber surface to break open creating exponentially more surface area. This theory is visually confirmed through light microscopy. The slow increase in fibrillation of the fibers above 300 CSF correlates with the increase in $k_{pw}$. Beyond the threshold of 300 CSF a dramatic difference in fibrillation is shown, also corresponding with the large increase in $k_{pw}$. The freeness difference around 300 CSF is small, but the change in fiber properties is extreme within this region. This change in properties could lead to sheet breaks and other disruptions when producing products around the threshold. This study leads to a better understanding of how fiber changes during refining, resulting in a practical benefit of target freeness determination. Presently, freeness is selected based on product quality and on some measure of runnability. Yet, there are other considerations, demonstrated by the extreme change in fiber properties around 300 CSF.