• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1491-1499
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• 2017

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is transformed from trimethylamine (TMA) through hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases, can promote atherosclerosis. TMA is produced from dietary carnitine, phosphatidylcholine, and choline via the gut microbes. Previous works have shown that some small molecules, such as allicin, resveratrol, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, are used to reduce circulating TMAO levels. However, the use of bacteria as an effective therapy to reduce TMAO levels has not been reported. In the present study, 82 isolates were screened from healthy Chinese fecal samples on a basal salt medium supplemented with TMA as the sole carbon source. The isolates belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly to genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Cronobacter, and Enterobacter. Serum TMAO and cecal TMA levels were significantly decreased in choline-fed mice treated with Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 compared with those in choline-fed mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline. The proportions of Bacteroidales family S24-7 were significantly increased, whereas the proportions of Helicobacteraceae and Prevotellaceae were significantly decreased through the administration of E. aerogenes ZDY01. Results indicated that the use of probiotics to act directly on the TMA in the gut might be an alternative approach to reduce serum TMAO levels and to prevent the development of atherosclerosis and "fish odor syndrome" through the effect of TMA on the gut microbiota.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2000

저 염 세우젓을 제조하기 위하여 식염농도를 각각 10%, 15% 및 20%로 조절한 새우젓에 감마 선을 조사한 후 15$^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키면서 아미노태 질소, 휘발성 염기태 질소, trimethylamine 및 단백질분해효소의 할성변화를 조사하였다. 감마선 조사직후 아미노태 질소, 휘발성 염기 태 질소, trimethylamine 함량 및 단백질 분해효소 활성은 감마선 조사에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 발효기간 동안 아미노태 질소, 휘발성 염기태 질소 및 trimethylamine 함량은 증가하였으나, 효소활성은 발효 4~5주까지 계속 증가하다가 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 15% 식염첨가와 10kGy의 감마선 조사 및 20% 식염첨가와 5~7.5kGy 이상의 감마선 조사를 병용처리한 새우젓의 경우, 30% 식염성 염기태 질소, trimethylamine 함량 및 단백질분해효소 활성이 비슷한 수준으로 발혀기간 동안 적정 수준 의 함량 및 활성을 나타내었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1978

북양산 냉동명태를 시료로 하여 이것을 일건, 열풍건조 및 염건을 하였을 때의 육중의 FA, TMAO, TMA 및 DMA의 함량변화를 조사하였다. 1. TMAO의 함량은 열풍건조품이 가장 적어 생시료때의 약 $60\%$에 지나지 않았고, 다음이 염건품이며, 일건품은 생시료때의 약 $72\%$함량으로 잔존율이 가장 높았다. 그러나 온건품에 있어서 육중의 염분량을 공제한 무염물로 환산하는 경우는 생시료때의 $92\%$함량으로 가장 높은 잔존율을 나타내었다. 2. TMA의 함량은 염건품이 생시료 때의 2.3 배함량(무염물로서는 3.5배량)을 보여 가장 증가율이 적었고, 다음이 일건품이였으며, 열풍건조품에 있어서는 생시료 때의 42배함량을 나타내어 월등히 많았다. 3. DMA의 함량은 열풍건조품과 염건품에 있어서는 각각 생시료 때의 10배량정도를 나타내었고, 일건품에 있어서는 생시료 때의 16배량으로 가장 많았다. 그러나 염건품에 있어서 무염물로 환산하는 경우는 생시료 때의 15배량으로 일건품과 비슷한 값을 보였다. 4. FA의 함량은 일건품에서는 생시료 때의 1.3배량, 염건품에서는 2.5배량(무염물로 환산)으로 증가한 반명, 열풍건조품에 있어서는 생시료 때의 $83\%$ 함량으로 오히려 감소하는 변화를 보였다. 5. 전반적으로 FA 함량과 아민류의 함량을 비교하여 보면 FA함량이 많은 시료에는 DMA함량도 많은 대비하여, TMA함량이 많은 시료에는 FA함량이 적은 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.212-218
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• 1976

생선(生鮮)으로 부터 생선(生鮮) 냄새를 효과적(效果的)으로 제거(除去)하기 위한 기초작업(基礎作業)으로서 ethanol과 물을 추출용매(抽出溶媒)로 사용(使用)하여 꽁치로 부터 생선(生鮮) 냄새의 주성분(主成分)인 trimethylamine과 변패(變敗)의 원인(原因)이 되며 직접간접(直接間接)으로 불쾌취(不快臭)를 조성(造成)하는 지방(脂肪)을 제거(除去)할 목적(目的)으로 실험(實驗)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 꽁치중(中)의 trimethylamine은 추출시(抽出時)의 ethanol의 최종농도(最終濃度)가 $40{\sim}55%$ 수준이었을 때 가장 추출(抽出)이 잘되었다. 2. 꽁치를 boiling absolute ethanol로서 연속추출(連續抽出)을 행(行)할 때 추출(抽出)은 서로 다른 두 단계로 진행(進行)되었다. a) 추출(抽出)의 첫 단계에선 생선(生鮮)의 탈수(脫水)와 동시(同時)에 trimethylamine이 주(主)로 추출(抽出)되었으며 b) 생선(生鮮)이 탈수(脫水)된 그다음 단계에서 지방(脂肪)이 효율적(?率的)으로 추출(抽出)되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a nitrogen-based aliphatic organic compound. It is a major odorous component of fish and fishery products and is often used as an indicator of fish quality. The efficacy of TMA removal by various yeast strains was investigated. The five yeast strains found to be most effective in removing TMA were isolated from fermented foods and were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on biochemical and 18S rRNA sequence analyses. These strains were designated as S. cerevisiae SK1511, SK1512, SK1513, SK1514 and SK1515. Yeast cultures were treated with a TMA solution (0.3%, v/v), and the level of TMA reduction was analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The five S. cerevisiae strains removed 32.02-50.34% of the TMA from the solution. This study is the first to demonstrate TMA reduction by microbial treatment.

• 센서학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.419-422
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• 2015

Pure and Mo-doped ZnO hollow nanofibers were prepared by single capillary electrospinning and their gas sensing characteristics toward 5 ppm ethanol, trimethylamine (TMA), CO and $H_2$ were investigated. The gas responses and responding kinetics were dependent upon sensing temperature and Mo doping. Mo-doped ZnO hollow nanofibers showed high response to 5 ppm TMA ($R_a/R_g=111.7$, $R_a$: resistance in air, $R_g$: resistance in gas) at $400^{\circ}C$, while the responses of pure ZnO hollow nanofibers was low ($R_a/R_g=47.1$). In addition, the doping of Mo enhanced selectivity toward TMA. The enhancement of gas response and selectivity to TMA by Mo doping to ZnO nanofibers was discussed in relation to the interaction between basic analyte gas and acidic additive materials.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1997

To develop a rapid analytical method of dimethylamine(DMA) and trimethylamine(TMA) in fish, the contents of DMA and TMA in squid(Illex illecebrosus and Sepiell maindroni), cod(Gadus marcrocephalus) and plaice (Paralichthys olivaceus) by gas chromatographic (GC) and colorimetric method were determined. Recoveries for DMA in fish were 86.8~102.5% by GC and 74.2~94.5% by colorimetric method, while those for TMA were 93.0~101.1% by GC and 62.9~117.5% by colorimetric method. The contents of DMA and TMA in fish by GC were 29.7~325.3mg/kg and 145.6~356.0 mg/kg, respectively, and these by colorimetric method were 20.0~241.2mg/kg and 139.1~304.3mg/kg, respectively. The analysis of DMA and TMA in fishes by GC after the solvent extraction was simpler and faster and showed better recovery than colorimetric method.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.274-280
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• 1997

The rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of gallane-trimethylamine with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups were examined in tetrahydrofuran solution under standardized conditions (THF, 0 ℃). And its reducing characteristics were compared with those of aluminum hydride-triethylamine(AHTEA). The rate of hydrogen evolution from active hydrogen compounds varied considerably with the nature of the functional group and the structure of the hydrocarbon moiety. Alcohols, phenol, amines, thiols evolved hydrogen rapidly and quantitatively. Aldehydes and ketones were reduced moderately to the corresponding alcohols. Cinnamaldehyde was reduced to cinnamyl alcohol, which means that the conjugated double bond was not attacked by gallane-trimethylamine. Carboxylic acids, esters, and lactones were stable to the reagent under standard conditions. Acid chlorides also were rapidly reduced to the corresponding alcohols. Epoxides and halides were inert to the reagent. Caproamide and nitrile were stable to the reagent, whereas benzamide was rapidly reduced to benzylamine. Nitropropane, nitrobenzene and azoxybenzene were stable to the reagent, whereas azobenzene was reduced to 1,2-diphenylhydrazine. Oximes and pyridine N-oxide were reduced rapidly. Di-n-butyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide were reduced only slowly, but diphenyl disulfide was reduced rapidly. Finally, sulfones and sulfonic acids were inert to the reagent under the reaction.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2021

Effects of corrosion inhibitors (i.e., sodium nitrite, sodium hexametaphosphate, trimethylamine (TEA), sugar, and urea) on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in CaCl₂ solution were investigated. The test solution was designed with response surface methodology of design of experiments (DOE) in the range of 0 ~ 50 ppm for NaNO₂, 0 ~ 200 ppm for (NaPO₃)₆, 0 ~ 2000 ppm for TEA, 0 ~ 3000 ppm for sugar, 0 ~ 200 ppm for urea with 3 wt% CaCl₂. The corrosion potential and the corrosion rate were measured with potentiodynamic polarization tests and analyzed statistically to find main effects of inhibitor concentrations and interactions between them. As a result, hexametaphosphate was the most effective compound in reducing the corrosion rate. Sugar also reduced the corrosion rate significantly possibly because it covered the surface effectively with a high molecular weight. The inhibiting action of sugar was found to be enhanced by adding trimethylamine into the solution. Nevertheless, trimethylamine did not appear to be effective in inhibiting corrosion by itself. However, urea and sodium nitrite showed almost no inhibition on corrosion resistance of steel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1633-1642
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• 2017

Objective: Evaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds. Methods: The concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis. Results: From $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.