• 한국항해학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 1977

The Maneuvering Indices of a ship are the values that decide the quantity of her motion in turning when her rudder is turned over to an angle to the starboard or the port. They consist of two kinds of indices, one of which is called index K and the other, index T. Index K decides a ship's turning ability and index T does the length of time delay of a normal turning motion after her rudder has finished the turn of an ordered angle. Generally, the values of the indices are calculated through some mathematic formulas with figures of her heading degrees recorded at a fixed time intervals during her Z test. The values of the same kind index of a ship appear differently according to the ship'sspeed, trim, rudder angle and loaded condition, etc. In this paper, the author analyzed all the amthematic formulas required to calculate the values of the indices in their forming process and examined them from the point of mathematics and dynamics and also actually figured out the values of maneuvering indices of the M.S. "HANBADA", the training ship of Korea Merchant Marine College through her Z test. The author supposed a case in which two same typed ships as the "HANBADA" in size, shape and conditions were approaching each other in meeting end on situation and each ship turned her rudder hard over to the starboard respectively when they approached to the distance of 3 times as long as the ship's length. The author worked out mathematic formulas calculating forward and transverse ship's motions within the above mentioned situation for the quantative analysis of the collision avoding action to certify whether they are in collision status or not. Applying the calculated values of the maneuvering indices of the "HANBADA" to the motion calculating formulas, the author found out the two ships were passing over each other with the clearing distance o 39m between their port quarters. With the above mentioned examinations and explanations, the author demonstrated that a ship's motion in any collision avoiding action can be shown with quantities of time and distance within reliable limit.istance within reliable limit.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2013

본 연구의 주목적은 쌍동선형의 조파저항성능을 평가할 수 있는 수치해석 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 비대칭과 대칭인 단동선형을 가진 서로 다른 두 가지 쌍동선에 대하여 수치계산을 수행하여 저항성능을 평가 하였다. 타당성 검증을 위해서 수치해석 결과 중 선수와 선미에서의 침하량, 트림 그리고 조파저항 계수를 수조모형시험 결과와 비교하였다. 이러한 비대칭 그리고 대칭 선형이 가지는 쌍동선의 유체역학적 특성에 관한 비교분석 자료는 향후 선형개발 시 충분한 활용 가치가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.109-109
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• 1999

Recently, low energy ion beam irradiation has been adopted for surface modification. Low energy ion beam irradiation has many advantages in polymer engineering such as weak damage, good adhesion, noticeably-enhanced wettability(less than 15 degree), good reproducibility and so on. In this experiment, chemical reactions between free radicals and environment gas species have been investigated using angle-resolved XPS and TRIM code. In the case of low ion beam energy (around 1 keV), energy loss in polymer is mainly originated from atomic collisions instead of electronic interference. Atomic collisions could generated displaced atoms and free radicals. Cold cathode-ion source equipped with 5cm convex grid was used in an O2 environment. Base and working pressure were 5$\times$10-6 and 2.3$\times$10-4 Torr. Flow rates of argon and oxygen were fixed at 1.2 and 8 sccm. target materials are polyethylene polyvinyidenefluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2016

In the offshore project such as semi-submersible FPU and FPSO, the free fall type life boat called TEMPSC (Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft) has been installed for the use of an emergency evacuation of POB (People on Board) from the topside platform. For the design of life boat arrangement for semi-submersible FPU in the initial design stage, the drop height and launch angle are required fulfill with the limitation of classification society rule and Company requirement, including type of approval as applicable when intact and damage condition of the platform. In this paper, we have been performed the numerical studies to find proper arrangement for the life boats consider drop height in various environmental conditions such as wave, wind and current. In the calculations, the contributions from static and low frequency (LF) motions are considered from the hydrodynamic and mooring analysis as well as damage angle from the intact and damage stability analysis. Also, Air-gap calculation at the life boat positions has been carried out to check the effect on the life boat arrangement. The air-gap assessment is based on the extreme air-gap method includes the effect of 1st order wave frequency (WF) motions, 2nd order low frequency roll/pitch motion, static trim/heel and set down.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.566-573
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• 2017

고속 활주선에서 차인은 활주자세 변화 뿐 아니라 선체의 균형을 잡아주는 역할을 하며, 저항성능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 그러나 이러한 차인의 설계는 배수량, 선저경사각, 흘수, 선폭 등 다양한 설계 인자들에 영향을 받는 변수로 많은 경험을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 경험식이 아닌 계산을 통해 차인에 대한 설계 시 형상에 대한 기본적인 지침 마련을 목적으로 고속 활주선의 차인의 형상에 따른 저항성능에 대해 계산하였다. 설계는 상용 설계 프로그램인 Yacht-one을 이용하였으며, 유동해석은 상용 해석프로그램인 STAR-CCM+으로 DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)방법을 적용하여 수행하였다. 초기 설계 차인 각도인 17도를 기준으로 차인 15도, 차인 16도, 차인 19도로 변경하여 설계 속도인 30노트에서 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, trim은 4개의 차인 중 16도가 가장 컸으며, heave는 차인 15도에서 가장 우수하였다. 해석 결과를 봤을 때 저항 측면에서 초기 설계 각도인 차인 17도 보다 차인 16도가 우수함을 보이고 있어 실제 설계 시 초기 설계 각도에서 +2도, -2도의 범위로 계산을 통해 저항 성능과 자세에서 우수한 차인을 선택해야 함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2018

Planing hull type ships are often equipped with interceptor or trim tab to improve the excessive trim angle which leads to poor resistance and sea keeping performances. The purpose of this study is to design a controller to control the attitude of the ship by controllable stern interceptor and validate the effectiveness of the attitude control by the towing tank test. Embedded controller, servo motor and controllable stern interceptor system were equipped with planing hull type model ship. Prior to designing the control algorithm, a model test was performed to identify the system dynamic model of the planing hull type ship including the stern interceptor. The matrix components of model were optimized by Genetic Algorithm. Using the identified model, PID controller which is a classical controller and sliding mode controller which is a nonlinear robust controller were designed. Gain tuning of the controllers and running simulation was conducted before the towing tank test. Inserting the designed control algorithm into the embedded controller of the model ship, the effectiveness of the active control of the stern interceptor was validated by towing tank test. In still water test with small disturbance, the sliding mode controller showed better performance of canceling the disturbance and the steady-state control performance than the PID controller.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2017년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.232-233
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 선미 터널을 적용한 비대칭 고속 쌍동선을 수치해석 기법을 통해 선체의 유체동역학적 성능을 평가하였다. 선미터널 형상은 터널 출구 형상에 경사각에 따라 구분하였으며, 총 3가지 형상($0^{\circ}$, $3^{\circ}$, $6^{\circ}$)을 사용하였다. 결론적으로, 저항성능의 경우, 전 속도 구간에서 $0^{\circ}$ 경사각의 선미터널은 기존 대비 4.8-17.9% 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 $3^{\circ}$와 $6^{\circ}$경사각을 가진 선미터널은 각각 기존대비 5-14%와 5-29%의 저항이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 달리, 트림각의 경우, $0^{\circ}$경사각은 전 속도구간에서 기존선형과 유사한 경향을 보였으나, $3^{\circ}$와 $6^{\circ}$경사각의 경우 각각 FnV=1.54이후에서 평형상태 유지 및 계속적인 감소 형태를 보였다. 이와 같은 형상은 터널 출구 영역에 경사각을 증가하는 것이 저항성능 측면에서 다소 악영향을 발생하지만 운항성능 측면에서는 기존대비 개선됨을 보여준다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.466-471
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• 2014

The interior vehicle noise due to the exterior aerodynamic field is an important topic in the acoustic design of a car. The air flow detached from the A-pillar and impacting the side windows are of particular interest as they are located close to the driver / passenger and provides a lower insulation index than the trimmed car body parts. This paper presents a numerical analysis method for a simplified vehicle model. The internal air cavity including trim component are included in the simulation. The car body includes the windshield and two side windows. The body is made of aluminum and trimmed with porous layers. The methodology proposed in this paper relies on two steps: the first step involves the computation of the exterior flow and turbulence induced non-linear acoustic field using PowerFlow. The second step consists in the computation of the vibro-acoustic transmission through the window using the finite element vibro-acoustic solver Actran. Additionally in order to validate the numerical process, an experimental set-up has been created based on the simplified vehicle. The vibration of the windshield and windows, the total wind noise level results and the relative contributions of the different windows are then presented and compared to measurements. The influence of the flow yaw angle (different wind orientation) is also assessed.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.418-426
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• 2015

Recently, shipping operators have been making efforts to reduce the fuel cost in various ways, such as trim optimization and bulb re-design. Furthermore, IMO restricts the hydro-dioxide emissions to the environment based on the EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index), EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator), and SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan). In particular, ship speed is one of the most important factors for calculating the EEDI, which is based on methods suggested by ITTC (International Towing Tank Conference) or ISO (International Standardization Organization). Many shipbuilding companies in Korea have carried out speed trials around the Korea Straits. However, the conditions for these speed trials have not been exactly the same as those for model tests. Therefore, a ship’s speed is corrected by measured environmental data such as the seawater temperature, density, wind, waves, swell, drift, and rudder angle to match the conditions of the model tests. In this study, fundamental research was performed to evaluate the ship resistance performance due to changes in the water temperature and salinity, comparing the ISO method and numerical simulation. A numerical simulation of a KCS (KRISO Container ship) with a free-surface was performed using the commercial software Star-CCM+ under three conditions that were assumed based on the water temperature and salinity data in the Korea Straits. In the simulation results, the resistance increased under low water temperature & high salinity conditions, and it decreased under high water temperature & low salinity conditions. In addition, the ISO method showed the same result as the simulation.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-39
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• 1981

A doppler log is the typical device which can measure the ship's speed over the ground directly, by means of doppler effect of the underwater ultrasonic wave, which involves the error due to the sea bottom inclination, the trim and the incorrect transducer installation etc. The present doppler log adopts a single transducer, faced in the direction of themain beam, and therefore it is unable to correct the beam direction to eliminate the above mentioned error. Moreover, the frequencyis also limitted in a comparatively high range for getting a sharp beam with single transducer, and the speed over the ground can not be detectable at the deep sea, for an instance, over 200 meters. This paper describes a theoretical consideration for the doppler log error and an analysis by a computer on the observed speed data by a full size model ship. The result is verified that the most of doppler log error is caused by the ultrasonic beam angle of transducer. To eliminate the doppler log error due to the incorrect transducer installation and also to sharpen the beam for lower frequency range to expand measurable sea depth, this paper proposes a method of controlling the directivity adopting a linear transducer array and of controlling the directivity by the control of exciting current, and investigates by the computer simulation and make experiment with magnetostrictive ferrite transducer of 28, 50 and 75KHz. The experimental results are shown well coincide with the measured ones, and they are revealed that in case where the transducer interval is greater than 1 wavelength, the effective control of the beam direction is hardly performed with keeping adequate beam width and side lobe level. It is concluded that 6-elements array with inter element space of a half wavelength can make comparatively sharp beam and low side lobe level. The results obtained here will contribute very much to the improvement of the performance of doppler log.