• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 1998

인제대학교 부산백병원 흉부외과학교실에서는 1985년 10월부터 1996년 7월까지 약 10년간 총 124례의 중복판막수술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 성별, 나이, 술전 X-선 심흉곽비, 심도자검사상의 평균폐동맥압, 술전 심장초음파 검사상 좌심실구출률, 술전 NYHA 기능분류등급, 치환한 판막의 수, 대동맥차단시간과 총체외순환시간, 술후 중한 합병증 발생 및 조기사망 유무를 조사하고 수술후 조기성적에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 분석하였다. 환자중 남자가 53례, 여자가 71례로 성비는 1:1.4 였으며, 술전 임상증상으로 NYHA 기능분류상 등급 I이 3명(2.4%), 등급 II가 41명(33.1%), 등급 III가 60명(48.4%), 등급 IV가 20명(16.1%)이었고 심전도검사상 술전 심방세동이 76명(61.3%), 술전 뇌색전증 병력이 5례(4.0%), 이전에 심장수술을 받은 경우가 7례(5.7%)였다. 술후 조기사망률은 8.1%, 술후 중한 합병증 발생율은 21.8%였다. 판막수술은 승모판막과 대동맥판막을 동시에 치환한 례(57례), 승모판막치환과 삼첨판륜성형술을 한 례(48례), 승모판막과 삼첨판막을 동시 치환한 례(2례), 그리고 승모판막치환과 대동맥판막성형술을 한 례(3례)등이 있었다. 수술후 조기 임상경과에 따라 사망례를 포함한 중한 합병증을 동반한 군(A군, 27례)과 특별한 문제가 없었던 군(B군, 97례)으로 분류하고, 또 조기사망군(10례)과 생존군(114례)으로 분류하여 각각의 분류군간에 통계적으로 유의한 위험인자들이 있는지 분석하였다. A군에서 발생한 중한 합병증은 저심박출증, 종격동염, 심장파열, 심실부정맥, 패혈증 등이었다. A군과 B군의 비교에서는 대동맥차단시간(A군:153.4$\pm$42.4분, B군:134.0$\pm$43.7, p=0.042), 총체외순환시간(A군:187.4$\pm$65.5분, B군:158.1$\pm$50.6분, p=0.038), 그리고 NYHA 기능분류등급(I등급:33.3%, II등급:9.7%, III등급:20.0%, IV등급:50.0%, p=0.004)에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 술후 조기사망군(10례)과 생존군(114례)의 비교에서는 연령(사망군:45.2$\pm$8.7세, 생존군:37.2$\pm$11.6세, p=0.036), 성별(여자:12.7%, 남자:1.9%, p=0.043), 대동맥차단시간(사망군:167.1$\pm$38.4분, 생존군:135.7$\pm$43.7분 p=0.030), 그리고 술전 NYHA 기능분류등급(I등급:0%, II등급:4.9%, III등급:1.7%, IV등급:35.0%, p=0.001)에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이상으로 볼 때 NYHA 기능분류에서 술전의 임상상태가 중할수록 조기성적에 나쁜 영향을 미치므로 환자의 증상이 악화되기 전에 조기수술이 요망되며, 개선된 수술수기나 심근보호방법등으로 대동맥차단시간과 총체외순환시간을 효율적으로 줄일수 있다면 중복판막수술후 조기성적을 향상시킬 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2020

Background: The decision to use transannular patching (TAP) during tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair depends on the pulmonary valve annulus size; the z score of the pulmonary annulus is the most commonly used predictor. However, definitive results are not obtained with z scores as different z score data sets are used for different parameters. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the echocardiographic and other key factors that warranted a change in the surgical method during TOF surgery. Methods: Sixty-two patients were enrolled and divided into a pulmonary valve (PV) preservation group and a TAP group. Their medical records were reviewed. Results: The z score for PV annulus (PVA), ratio of the PVA to aortic annulus size, and ratio of PVA to descending aorta (DAO) size were significantly different between the PV preservation and TAP groups (-1.72±1.52 vs. -3.07±1.94, P=0.004; 0.62±0.12 vs. 0.50±0.14, P=0.002; and 1.32±0.32 vs. 1.07±0.36, P=0.008, respectively). For TAP repair, the PVA z score had a sensitivity of 65.4% and specificity of 73.1%, ratio of PVA to aortic annulus size had a sensitivity of 73.1% and specificity of 65.4%, and ratio of PVA to DAO size had a sensitivity of 69.2% and specificity of 57.7%. The TAP group showed more monocuspid PVs (P=0.011), while the PV preservation group showed more tricuspid PVs (P=0.027). Commissurotomy was more frequently performed in the PV preservation group than in the TAP group (P=0.001). Of patients with commissurotomy, 58% showed a PV z score<-2. Conclusion: Although various echocardiographic parameters may serve as predictors for determining surgical methods for TOF patients, the PV morphology and tissue characteristics should also be considered.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.346-352
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• 1998

심장 초음파에 의한 류마티스성의 심장판막질환은 판첨이 융합되고 건삭이 짧아져 판막운동이 제한되는데 융합이 심하면 협착이되고 퇴축이 심하면 폐쇄부전이 일어난다. 이러한 초음파적인 소견과 수술시야에 직접 관찰되는 교련융합과 판엽의 비후, 건삭의 융합과 단축 심하면 석회침착 등의 소견 및 병리조직학적인 소견으로 확인된 류마티스성 심장판막질환에 대한 외과적 치료를 시행한 환자 440명을 대상으로 임상적성적을 분석하였다. 기간내의 총판막수술은 502명에서 시행되었으며 이중 87.3%인 440명이 류마티스성판막증으로 분류되었으며, 여자가 1.3배 많았고 평균년령은 37.8세 였다. 96.3%가 승모판을 침범하였고 대동맥판 19.8%, 삼첨판 16.3%를 침범하였으나 승모판 단독 침범례는 62.5%, 대동맥판 단독은 3.6%, 삼첨판막의 기질적 변화를 보여 외과적 치료를 가한 예는 1.8%에 불과하였다. 수술의 방법으로는 3.9%에서는 판막의 보존적 치료가 가능하였고 96.1%인 323례에서 1개 이상의 인조판막이 사용되었다. 승모판막치환술이 275례, 대동맥판 18례, 70례의 다중판막치환술을 시행하였다. 조기사망율은 보존적치료 예에서 5.9%, 판막치환례에서는 대동맥 5.9%, 승모판 6.0%, 다중판막 19.4%를 기록하였다. 생존례의 90.1%인 364명이 추시관찰이 가능하였는데 총 2890환자년의 추적기간중 뉴욕심장협회기능적 분류상 수술로 평균 2.9도에서 1.3의 상태호전을 보였으며 합병증은 혈전전색 1.3%/환자/년, 출혈성합병증 1.8%환자/년으로 나타났다. 누적생존율은 술 후 1년에 92.7＋/－2.8%, 5년에 88.0＋/－ 4.5%, 10년에 82.3＋/－7.7%였다. 류마티스성질환은 선진국에서는 최근 급격히 감소하고 있다고 하나 저자들의 예에서는 전체판막질환에 대한 수술례의 87.3%를 차지하고 있어 아직도 깊은 관심을 갖고 깊은 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1025-1035
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• 1989

Since we first performed open heart surgery on December 30, 1986, 126 cases were operated on up to August 31, 1989. Among the 126 cases, 65 cases were congenital heart disease of which 63 were acyanotic disease, and 61 cases were acquired heart disease, most of which were valvular heart disease. The age distribution of congenital heart disease was from 1 years 2 months to 48 years, and males had a slightly higher incidence. The age of acquired heart disease was from a minimum of 15 years to a maximum of 68 years, and the male to female ratio was 1;1.5. Midsternotomy was performed in all cases, and the aortic cannula was inserted through ascending aorta and the venous cannula inserted into the SVC and IVC through the right atrium. Vent was inserted through the right superior pulmonary vein. Cardioplegia solution was used in all cases; it was composed of sodium bicarbonate 3.5 ampule, KCL 14 mEq, 2% lidocaine 2.5 ml, 20 % albumin 50 ml and heparin 1000 units mixed to 950 ml with Hartman solution, and was made to 4oC and infused 10 ml per Kg every 20 minutes. The congenital heart disease had a variety of VSD in 32 cases, ASD 23 cases, PS 6 cases, PDA 2 cases, and one case each of Ebsteins anomaly and tricuspid atresia. The operations performed for acquired heart disease were 4 cases of OMC, 33 cases of MVR, and 5 cases of AVR, and 1 case of AVR with CABG. DVR was perfomed in 13 cases, and triple valve replacement was done in 1 case. Other than these, excision of LA myxoma was 2 cases, and repair of traumatic VSD and removal of a pulmonary embolism were one case each. The surgical mortality was 5 cases[4%], all of which occurred in valve replacement cases. Follow-up study revealed 2 late deaths. One died after a traffic accident and one died due to sepsis after he had received a gastrectomy for ulcer bleeding. The remaining patients were in good condition.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2021

Background: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common congenital heart disease. However, the details of cardiac chamber remodeling after surgery are not well known, although this is an important issue that should be analyzed to understand long-term outcomes. Methods: Between November 2017 and January 2019, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed preoperatively, at a 1-month postoperative follow-up, and at a 1-year postoperative follow-up. Cardiac chamber volume, valve regurgitation volume, and ejection fraction were measured as functions of time. Results: Thirteen patients (10 men and 3 women) were included. The median age at surgery was 51.4 years. The preoperative median ratio of flow in the pulmonary and systemic circulation was 2.3. The preoperative mean right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume index (EDVi) and RV end-systolic volume index (ESVi) had significantly decreased at the 1-month postoperative follow-up (p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). The decrease in the RVEDVi (p=0.085) and RVESVi (p=0.023) continued until the postoperative 1-year follow-up, although the rate of decrease was slower. Tricuspid valve regurgitation had also decreased at the 1-month postoperative follow-up (p=0.022), and continued to decrease at a reduced rate (p=0.129). Although the RVEDVi and RVESVi improved after ASD closure, the RV volume parameters were still larger than the left ventricular (LV) volume parameters at the 1-year follow-up (RVEDVi vs. LVEDVi: p=0.016; RVESVi vs. LVESVi: p=0.001). Conclusion: Cardiac remodeling after ASD closure is common and mainly occurs in the early postoperative period. However, complete normalization does not occur.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1044-1054
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether a deep learning reconstruction (DLR) method improves the image quality, stent evaluation, and visibility of the valve apparatus in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) when compared with filtered back projection (FBP) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) methods. Materials and Methods: CCTA images of 51 patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 63.9 ± 9.8 years, 36 male) who underwent examination at a single institution were reconstructed using DLR, FBP, and hybrid IR methods and reviewed. CT attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and stent evaluation, including 10%-90% edge rise slope (ERS) and 10%-90% edge rise distance (ERD), were measured. Quantitative data are summarized as the mean ± SD. The subjective visual scores (1 for worst -5 for best) of the images were obtained for the following: overall image quality, image noise, and appearance of stent, vessel, and aortic and tricuspid valve apparatus (annulus, leaflets, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae). These parameters were compared between the DLR, FBP, and hybrid IR methods. Results: DLR provided higher Hounsfield unit (HU) values in the aorta and similar attenuation in the fat and muscle compared with FBP and hybrid IR. The image noise in HU was significantly lower in DLR (12.6 ± 2.2) than in hybrid IR (24.2 ± 3.0) and FBP (54.2 ± 9.5) (p < 0.001). The SNR and CNR were significantly higher in the DLR group than in the FBP and hybrid IR groups (p < 0.001). In the coronary stent, the mean value of ERS was significantly higher in DLR (1260.4 ± 242.5 HU/mm) than that of FBP (801.9 ± 170.7 HU/mm) and hybrid IR (641.9 ± 112.0 HU/mm). The mean value of ERD was measured as 0.8 ± 0.1 mm for DLR while it was 1.1 ± 0.2 mm for FBP and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm for hybrid IR. The subjective visual scores were higher in the DLR than in the images reconstructed with FBP and hybrid IR. Conclusion: DLR reconstruction provided better images than FBP and hybrid IR reconstruction.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.307-310
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• 2003

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is congenital heart disease with a communication between the atria, which allows blood to shoot from the atrium with pressure. A 3-month-old female Miniature Schunauzer was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University for the evaluation of systolic heart murmur. At presentation, the mucous membrane was cyanotic. On physical examination, an ejection-type systolic murmur was auscultated at the pulmonic area. In addition, thoracic radiography showed enlargement of main pulmonary artery and right atrial/ventricular enlargement. Echocardiography revealed dilated right atrium and atrial septal defect. However, mitral and tricuspid valve were still intact and well tolerating. The presence of an ASD was confirmed by identifying flow across the defect with color Doppler imaging. Doppler echocardiography provides a means of non-invasive documentation and quantification of ASD. Complete blood count and serum chemistry were not remarkable. Although large defect was confirmed between the two atrium, the patient did not show any obvious clinical signs of heart failure at this time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 1990

From November 1978 through June 1989, 33 patients aged 3 months to 27 years [mean 9.7 years] underwent repair of intracardiac defects associated with corrected transposition. Five patients had had previous palliative surgery. Operation were performed in 31 for ventricular septal defect, 22 for pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, 16 for atrial septal defect, and 5 for anatomical tricuspid valve regurgitation. Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction was relieved by pulmonary valvotomy in 9, Rastelli procedure in 5, modified Fontan procedure in 3, and by REV procedure in 5 patients recently. Early mortality was 21.2%[7/33] and no late mortality during follow up period. Two had residual pulmonary outflow tract obstruction and one residual VSD. In eight patients, transient arrhythmia was found but soon returned to sinus rhythm. Five patients developed complete heart block and 2 were given permanent pacemaker insertion. There were 8 RBBB, 1 LBBB and one second degree atrioventricular block patients, but all showed no clinical significance. This report suggests that surgical repair of intracardiac defects associated with corrected transposition can be achieved with acceptable low risk. Though the mortality is still high, we can improved the result by advancing surgical technique, knowledge of the special conduction system, and by improving postoperative care.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1038-1044
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• 1995

We have been used cryopreserved homograft valves for right ventricular outflow tract[RVOT reconstruction since November 1993. The homograft valves were harvested from the hearts of brain dead patients or hearts of transplant recipients. There were 12 male and 10 female patients. Their ages ranged from 5 months to 13 years[mean age,39.2 $\pm$ 37.4 months and the weight ranged from 5 to 48kg [mean weight, 13.7$\pm$ 9. l kg . The diagnoses included pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect [n=14 , tetralogy of Fallot[n=4 , truncus arteriosus[n=3 , and double outlet right ventricle with pulmonic stenosis[n=l .Monocuspid homograft patches were used for RVOT widening or REV[reparation l`etage ventriculaire operations in 4 patients. We also used homograft as valved conduits for RVOT reconstruction in 17 patients and left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in anatomically corrected transposition in 1 patient. Among them size-reducing technique [converting a tricuspid valved conduit into a bicuspid valved conduit were applied to six patients for the correction of size mismatching. The mean follow-up period was 10.6 $\pm$ 5.4 months. There was one operative death[4.5% due to bleeding and one reoperation for removal of vegetation on the homograft leaflet. Postoperative echocardiography documented no significant homograft insufficiency and RVOT obstructions.In short-term, the homograft valves provide excellent hemodynamic characteristics, even though further studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term results.