• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.579-582
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• 2017

To investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China, epidemiological surveys were conducted on a collaboration basis between the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Yanbian Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 8,396 (males 3,737 and females 4,659) stool samples were collected from 8 localities and examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique, and additionally examined with the cellotape anal swab to detect Enterobius vermicularis eggs. The overall rate of intestinal parasites was 1.57%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was the highest (0.80%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (0.23%), heterophyid flukes (0.15%), Clonorchis sinensis (0.08%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.07%), hookworms (0.06%), Trichostrongylus spp. (0.06%), Giardia lamblia (0.04%), Paragonimus spp. (0.02%), Diphyllobothrium spp. (0.02%), Trichuris trichiura (0.02%). The prevalence by sex was similar, 1.58% (n=59) in males and 1.57% (n=73) in females. By the present study, it is partly revealed that the prevalences of intestinal parasite infections are relatively low among the inhabitants of Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China.

• 한국건강관리협회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2005

In order to investigate the epidemiological situation of intestinal parasite infections in Lao PDR, parasitological surveys were carried out on a national scale including 17 Provinces and the Vientiane Municipality. A total of 29,846 stool specimens were collected from primary schoolchildren in May 2000 June 2002 and examined once with the cellophane thick smear technique. The cumulative egg Positive rate For intestinal helminthes was 61.9%, BV species, the rate for As caris lumbricoides was 34.9%, hookworm 19.1%, Trichuris trichiura 25.8%,Opisthorchis viverrini 10.9%, Taenia spp. 0.6% and Hymenolepis spp. 0.2%. The northern mountainous regions suck as Phongsaly, Huaphan or Saysomboune Province showed higher prevalence(over 70%) of soil- transmitted helminthes. The regions along the Mekong River such as Khammuane, Saravaue or Savannakhet Province showed higher prevalence(over 20%)of fish-borne parasites. On the other hand, Schistosoma mekongi eggs were detected from1.7% of schoolchildren only in Champassak Province, a previously known endemic area. The highest prevalence was noted in Phongsaly Province(96.0%) and the lowest in Bolikhamxay Province(27.5%). An additional smal1-scale survey by cellophane anal swab detected Enterobius vermicularis eggs in 35.7% of 451 schoolchildren aged 6-8 in Khammuane, Vientiane, Champassak Province and the Vientiane Municipality. Meanwhile, the mean blood hemoglobin level of hootrworm-infected children was not lower than that of hookworm-uninfected children, suggesting that nutritional factors are more important than parasite infection per se. Nevertheless, the above results indicate that a nationwide parasite control project is necessary to reduce possible morbidity of parasitic diseases in the country.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.148-151
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• 2003

Waterborne parasite infections are considered a reemerging threat. Most studies on the epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis have been carried out in developed countries, and there is little data on the occurrence of these infections in other areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of waterborne parasites such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in various water samples in Ankara, turkey. A total of 85 samples were examined, 43 from the municipal water supply, 34 from wells, 6 from the Ankara River, and 2 from two untreated dams; by conventional microscopy, immunologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. lamblia were detected by using an indirect fluorescence (antigen) assay, whereas an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the cysts of E. histolytica and E. dispar. In addition, PCR was used for E. histolytica, E. dispar, C. parvum and G. lamblia detection. G. lamblia was found in 2 of the 34 well water samples, and parasites were found in 3 of the 6 Ankara River samples. The 1$\^$st/ contained E. histolytica cysts and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. the 2$\^$nd/ E. histolytica cysts, and Trichuris trichiura eggs, and the 3$\^$rd/ C. parvum oocysts only. No parasite was observed in the municipal water samples and untreated dam water samples. These results extend our knowledge on waterborne parasites, such occurrence information on waterborne pathogens assists the management and treatment of municipal water.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1981

This survey was undertaken to evaluate the status of clonorchiasis in Chang-gok Myun, Hong-Seong Gun adjacent to Yedang reservoir from Sept., 1980 to Oct., 1981. A total of 550 subjects (male 318, and female 232) were examined by cellophane-thick smear technique and formalin-ether method. In order to identify the intensity of the Clonorchis sinensis infection, Stoll's egg dilution counting method was also applied to the C. sinensis positive cases. The following results were obtained in this survey; 1. In the examination of 550 subjects, Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in 167 cases (30.4%). Male subjects showed 43.4% positive rates and female represented 12.5%. 2. The highest prevalence rate of Clonorchis sinensis was found in 40~49 year group in male (64.2%) and 30~39 year group in female (22.0%), although 14.3%~16.7% positive rates were found in young aged group. 3. Mean E.P.G. of Clonorchis sinensis infected cases were 6,148, showing 7,533 in male and 5,193 in female. 4. The degree of intensity of Clonorchis sinensis infection by E.P.G. count was distributed as 30.4% in light infection (1~999), 45.7% in moderate infection (1,000~29,999) and 5.8% in very heavy infection (over 30,000) in male. Female showed 48.3% in light, 37.9% in moderate, 10.3%. in heavy and 3.5% in very heavy infection. 5. Other helminthic infection rate was 15.6% in Ascaris lumbricoides infection, 15.1% in Trichuris trichiura infection and 4.4% of male subjects showed eggs of Taenia species.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.55-58
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• 1998

라오스 남부의 메콩강 유역에서 위치한 Pakes 지역 주민의 장내 윤충류 감염 상황을 조사하였다. 대상 인원은 현지 보건소 직원 및 가족 등 성인 90명과 초등학교 학생 47명으로 모두 137명이었다. 검사방법으로는 Kato-Katz 셀로판후층도말법을 이용하였고, 1인당 1회 검사하였다. 검사 결과, 총 충란 양성률은 75.9%로 매우 높았고, 검출된 윤층은 Opisthorchis viverrini (평균 양성률 43.8%), 회충 (26.3%), 편충 (19.0%), 구충 (19.0%), 분선층 (2.2%), 유. 무구조충 (0.7%) 및 메콩주협흡충 (Schistosoma mekongi) (1.5%)이었다. O. viverrini 충란 양성자 3인으로부터 충체를 회수하고자 프라지콴텔로 치료하고 하제를 부여한 바 설사변에서 O. viverrini 성충 5, 10 및 395마리를 각각 회수할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 라오스의 Pakse 지역은 O. viverrini 및 토양매개성 윤충 감염이 농후하며, 메콩주혈흡충의 생활사가 이루어지고 있을 것으로 추측되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.525-533
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to carry out a community survey on schistosomiais and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to suggest feasible and effective intervention strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. A total of 37 communities selected from 23 districts of the 4 regions in the Lake Victoria basin of Tanzania were involved in the study. From each of the selected locality, 50 adult community members, 25 males and 25 females, were recruited for the study. Each study participant was requested to submit stool and urine specimens. From each stool specimen, duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears were prepared and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STH eggs. Urine specimens were processed by the filtration technique and microscopically examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Ultrasound examination for morbidity due to schistosomiasis was performed. Mass treatment was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosome and STHs infections, respectively. Out of 1,606 adults who provided stool specimens, 199 (12.4%) were positive for S. mansoni, 349 (21.7%) for hookworms, 133 (8.3%) for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 33 (2.0%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 1,400 participants who provided urine specimens, 25 (1.8%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. Because of the co-endemicity of these afflictions and their impact on vulnerable population groups, the helminthiasis could be simultaneously treated with 2 drugs, praziquantel for schistosomiasis and albendazole for STHs.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate prevalence of clonorchiasis among the inhabitants living in villages along the 4 major rivers, Nakdong-gang (= river), Seomjin-gang, Youngsan-gang, and Guem-gang in southern Korea. From January to December 2006, a total of 24,075 stool samples (1 sample per an inhabitant) were collected in 23 localities and examined by the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Of the inhabitants examined, 3,441 (14.3%) were found to harbor various types of intestinal parasite eggs, cysts or larvae. Numbers of infected people were 2,661 (11.1%) for Clonorchis sinensis, 431 (1.8%) for heterophyids, 226 (0.9%) for Entamoeba spp., 57 (0.2%) for Giardia lamblia, 30 (0.1%) for Trichuris trichiura, and 18 (0.07%) for echinostomes. Prevalence rates of clonorchiasis according to the river basin were 17.1% in Nakdong-gang, 11.2% in Seomjin-gang, 5.5% in Youngsan-gang and 4.6% in Guem-gang. Of the 2,661 C. sinensis egg-positive cases, 57.7% was male. The present findings suggest that clonorchiasis is still highly prevalent among inhabitants in the riverside areas of southern Korea, and it is necessary to implement a systematic control program in the endemic areas.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.189-225
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• 2021

The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2022

The positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis is the highest among intestinal parasites in the Republic of Korea (Korea). More than 1.2 million people were at risk of C. sinensis infection in Korea in 2012. An intensive control program is being implemented for residents of the 5 major river basins to reduce helminthic infections, including C. sinensis infection. This study evaluated the continuous intensive control program for parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis in areas near the 5 major river basins in Korea over the past 10 years (2011-2020). A total of 335,020 fecal samples (one sample per resident) prepared by the modified sedimentation technic were microscopically examined. Those who expelled helminth eggs were treated with anthelmintics through local health centers and re-examined 3 months later. The overall positive rate of helminths egg was 7.1%. The annual positive rates were dramatically decreased from 14.4% (2011) to 5.9% (2020). The egg positive rate was highest in C. sinensis (5.3%), followed by heterophyid flukes (1.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%). The prevalence of C. sinensis was significantly higher in males (7.6%) than in females (3.7%), and the highest in the 50-59 years (7.0%) age group. Our results are beneficial to establish prevention and control policies against helminthiases including clonorchiasis in endemic areas in this country.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.304-309
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• 2023

Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health burden and a major cause of illness in developing countries. The diseases lead to various health threats, including growth retardation and mental health-related disorders, especially in children. We assessed the risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections among children aged 12-59 months residing in Nyamasheke District, Rwanda. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from 1,048 children aged 12-59 months whose stool samples were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites and whose results were registered in the laboratory information system in 2020. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children aged 12-59 months was 53.2%. The dominant parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (13.1%), followed by Giardia lamblia (10.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.9%), Trichuris trichiura (6.5%), hookworms (1.7%), and Taenia species (1.4%). A significant association was observed between intestinal parasites and the literacy of mothers or children's caregivers (odds ratio (OR)=5.09, P<0.001). Children from farming households were 2.8-fold more likely to contract intestinal parasitic infections than those from nonfarming households (OR=2.8, P<0.001). A significant association was also observed between intestinal parasites and food safety (OR=4.9, P<0.001). Intestinal parasitic infections were significantly associated with hand hygiene practices after using the toilet and washing fresh fruits before eating (P<0.001). The information gathered will help public health providers and partners develop control plans in highly endemic areas in Rwanda.