• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.305-308
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• 2012

In this study, we evaluated antifungal and antioxidant activities of condensed liquid of volatile organic compounds generated during the drying process of Chamaecyparis obtuse. Condensed liquid of volatile organic compounds were extracted with hexane and ethyl acetate, respectively. The extracts were used for antifungal activity at range from 100 to 500 mg/L Antifungal activity of extracts increased as the extracts concentration increased, the activity against tested dermatophytes was high at 500 mg/L. Among extract solvents, antifungal activity was higher at hexane extract than the ethyl acetate. Especially, the antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum was higher than other tested dermatophytes. Antioxidant activity was 90% above 25 mg/L regardless of the extractive solvents, while the hexane extract showed high antioxidant activity below 25 mg/L. Major compounds of hexane extract were torreyol, alpha-cadinol, and tau-cadinol. However, major compounds of ethyl acetate extract were alpha-amorphene, alpha-cadinol, and gamma-cadinene.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1999

Many nucleoside compounds such as 5-halogen substituted uridine, 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine conjugates of amino acid, peptide, and penicillin G, 5'-monophosphate uridine derivatives and 5'-monophosphate uridine-fatty acid derivatives were chemically synthesized and their antifungal, antibacterial, and antitumor activities were tested. 5-Bromo-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine(6) inhibited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum at $0.2{\mu}$g/ml of MIC. 5'-Amino-5'-deoxyuridine-penicillin G(19), 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine-cyclo(Phe-Asp)(20), and 5-iodo-5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine- penicillin G(22) had antibarterial activity(MIC was $6.25{\mu}$g/ml against S. aureus) and the latter two nucleoside compounds were the most antitumor derivatives(their $IC_{50}$ against L5178Y murine lymphoma cell was $6.5{\mu}$g/ml).

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.18-25
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• 2001

A new wood-degrading fungus Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7 secretes a high level of laccase in a glucose-peptone liquid medium. The production of laccase by the fungus was barely induced by 2,5-xylidine. The laccase has been purified to homogeneity through three chromatography steps in an overall yield of 40%. The molecular mass of the purified laccase was about 65 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified laccase had the distinct blue color and had basic spectroscopic features of a typical blue laccase: two absorption maxima at 278 and 610 nm and a shoulder at 338 nm. The N-terminus of the laccase has been sequenced, revealing high homology to laccases from wood-degrading white-rot fungi such as Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. The enzyme had a "low" redox potential (0.5 V vs normal hydrogen electrode), yet it was one of the most active laccases in oxidizing a series of representative substrates/mediators. Compared with other fungal laccases, the laccase has a very low Km value with ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] as a substrate and a very high Km value with violuric acid as a substrate. The laccase has the isoelectric point of 4.0. The laccase had very acidic optimal pH values (pH 3-4) while it was more stable at neutral pH than at acidic pH. The laccase oxidized hydroquinone faster than catechol and pyrogallol. The oxidation of tyrosine by the laccase was not detectable under the reaction conditions. The laccase was strongly inhibited by sodium azide and sodium fluoride. fluoride.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1991

There had been no reports of Trichophyton tonsurans infection in Korea yet. We have much chances to import the organism through international travels and exchanges. But we, Korean, have no experiences to observe T. tonsurans. Author tried mycological studies with T. tonsurans isolated in New Orleans, USA. The results are as follows : Gross findings of T. tonsurans showed that fine granular surface with light yellow hue or white color and groving in the central area on the front side and mahogany brown color on the reverse side. On the urease test, various reddish discoloration was noted. Microscopic findings showed that septated hyphae, macroconidia, chlamydoconidia and microcondia. Macroconidia were 3-5 septated, smooth-surfaced, and were found more frequently in the whitish colony. Microconidia were characteristic in their arrangement and shape ; round or oval shaped microconidia laterally to hyphae, some were match-head like terminal swelling. Hair perforation test showed positive results in 16 strains among 19 tested strains. All these findings are similar to T. rubrum and T. menatgrophytes, the most frequent isolates of dermatophytes in Korea. And we have to pay an attention to diffentiate carefully.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.36 no.5 s.108
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• pp.69-77
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• 2004

Degradations of pine, yellow poplar and sweet gum by two fungi, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27 were investigated. P. cinabarinus degraded pine block samples much faster than T rub rum LSK-27, whereas P. cinnabarinus and T rubrum LSK-27 degraded yellow poplar and sweet gum at almost the same rate. In an effort to get a better understanding of how fungi degrade lignin in wood, contents of various functional groups were analyzed. After three-months of degradation of pine flour by these fungi, the following changes were observed: an increase in condensed phenolic OH group and carboxylic acid group content, a decrease in the guaiacyl phenolic OH content, and little change of aliphatic OH group content. Further studies in the degradation of pine flour by P. cinnabarinus indicated that the increase in condensed phenolic OH group content and the decrease in guaiacyl phenolic OH group content occurred in the first month of the degradation. The changes of functional group contents in the degradation of unbleached softwood kraft pulp by P. cinnabarinus had the same trends as those in the degradation of pine flour. That is, structural alteration of lignin due to the kraft pulping process had little effect on how P. cinnabarinus degraded lignin.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2007

The number of children patients with tinea pedis and onychomycosis diagnosed on clinical findings and culture at the Catholic Dermatological Clinic in Daegu City were 144,446 for 2 years from January 2005 to December 2006. 120 children were suspected of having clinical onychomycosis or tinea pedis. KOH smears and cultures on the Potato corn meal dextrose agars (PDCA) were done for the suspected toe webs, nails and uninvolved neighbor toe webs. Socks were dusted and cultured to check contamination of clothes. Family infections were checked by questionnaire. The incidence was 92 (0.06%) out of 144,446 outpatients in tinea pedis, 28 (0.02%) in onychomycosis. Trichophyton(T.) rubrums were isolated from all of the 7 cases of onychomycosis. T. mentagrophytes was isolated from 5 cases of the tinea pedis patients and T. rubrum was isolated from 50 (92.5%) cases of the tinea pedis. The right side was predominant for onychomycosis of both toe nails (23 of 25) and finger nails (3 of 3). No fungal elements were detected from normal looking neighbor toe webs by KOH examinations. However, culture on PDCA agars showed T. rubrum isolates from 3 toe webs. 7 showed positive cultures from the socks. From the questionnaire, 94 had family infections.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.460-465
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• 2007

This study was carried out in order to investigate the potential of using plant oils derived from Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Et Perry as natural antifungal agents. The antifungal effects of essential oils at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml on the dermatophytes Microsporum canis (KCTC 6591), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (KCTC 6077), Trichophyton rubrum (KCCM 60443), Epidermophyton floccosum (KCCM 11667), and Microsporum gypseum were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The major constituents of the active fraction against the dermatophytes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The antifungal activities of S. aromaticum oil (clove oil) against the dermatophytes tested were highest at a concentration of 0.2mg/ml, with an effectiveness of more than 60%. Hyphal growth was completely inhibited in T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. gypseum by treatment with clove oil at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Eugenol was the most effective antifungal constituent of clove oil against the dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. Morphological changes in the hyphae of T. mentagrophytes, such as damage to the cell wall and cell membrane and the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, after treatment with 0.11 mg/ml eugenol were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, L. petersonii oil (LPO) was more than 90% effective against all of the dermatophytes tested, with the exception of T. rubrum. Geranial was determined to be the most active antifungal constituent of L. petersonii oil. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that clove and tea tree oils exhibited significant antifungal activities against the dermatophytes tested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.432-438
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• 2015

This study examined the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of bioactive compounds extracted from two starfish, Asterina pectinifera and Asterias amurensis, using solvent extraction after $Protamex^{TM}$ hydrolysis. Methanol and acetone fractions collected by stepwise extraction from specimens were subjected to silica gel column chromatography (SGCC) (200 mesh and 400 mesh), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two fractions (7:3 and 5:5 chloroform : methanol ratio, v/v) eluted using silica gel column chromatography from the two starfishes showed higher antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and dermatophyte fungi (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton ferrugineum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum), antioxidant activity ($EDA_{50}$, mg/mL), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to the other fractions. The final fractions obtained from Asterina pectinifera (RT 7.53, 8.93, and 10.48 min) and Asterias amurensis (RT 5.02 min) by SGCC (400 mesh) and HPLC from two SGCC fractions (200 mesh) showed 8.94 and 15.59 mg/mL antioxidant activity ($EDA_{50}$) and 46.89 and 40.19 % tyrosinase inhibitory activity, respectively. Extracts from starfishes are potential cosmetic basic material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and processed sulfur solution (PSS) against human skin pathogens: Malassezia furfur, M. restricta, Propionibacterium arnes, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The antimicrobial effects of GSE and PSS were tested by agar diffusion method and micro broth dilution method. As the results, the MIC values of GSE against M. furfur, M. restricta, P. acnes, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were 3.91, 3.91, 0.004, 0.024, and $0.012{\mu}l/ml$, respectively. The MIC values of PSS were 0.03, 0.03, 0.156, 0.003, and $0.012{\mu}l/ml$, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of skin care emulsion products containing 0.5% GSE and 0.5% PSS against human skin pathogens were 5.2, 4.3, 8.0, 9.5 and 12.8 mm, respectively. Refractive index, pH, viscosity and color value of skin care emulsions containing GSE and PSS were measured. According to these results, it was concluded that the GSE and PSS were the promising sources of antibacterial agent which could be useful for skin and hair care products as well as for the alternative medicine development in treatment of certain types of skin ailments.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2008

Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus abundant in soil throughout the world. M. gypseum has been identified for the first time in Korea at 1976. The purpose of this study was to investigate epidemiologic aspects of M. gypseum. We performed the epidemiologic study an 198 patients with M. gypseum infections in from January 1976 to December 2005. From 100,012 patients, dermatophytes were isolated as follows; Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from 86,553 (86.5%), T. interdigitale 3,991 (4.0%), Epidermophyton floccosum 1.021 (0.1%), T. tonsurans 141 (0.1%). T. mentagrophytes 3.930 (3.9%), T. verrucosum 220 (0.2%), Microsporum canis 3.879 (3.9%), and M. gypseum 198 (0.2%). Number of patients with M. gypseum by site and age were as follows; most patients infected with tinea corporis were young people under 10 years. M. gypseum were most frequently isolated in summer and autumn.