• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-88
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• 1980

The antifungal activity of salicylaldehyde-o-phenylenediimine, a derivative of Schiff base, was studied in vitro against various species of fungi, especially, dermatophytes. The antifungal tests were performed according to the tube-dilution method, and all subcultures were incubated at room temperature for 14 days. Salicylaldehyde-o-phenylenediimine was effective against fungi such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Fonsecaea compacta. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was inhibited at $20{\mu}g$ per ml, Trichophyton rubrum at $40{\mu}g$ per ml, Microsporum canis at $6{\mu}g$ per ml, and Fonsecaea compacta at $2{\mu}g$ per ml.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1973

Although numerous drugs are available for the treatment of superficial fungi infections of skin, and yet the clinical effects of most of such drugs are not satisfactory. In the hope of searching for effective drugs for superficial fungi infections, the authors observed fungistatic effects of Pyrethri Flos, a common herb in Korea, with water extract (PFWE), ethanol extract (PFEE), and methanol extract (PFME) from Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium V. In in vitro studies, the spores of fungi were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained Pyrethri Flos extracts in each concentrations of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and the growth of the fungi was observed for 3 weeks. The species of the fungi used in these experiments were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum. The results of these studies were as follows; 1. The growth of M. nanum & T. rubrum was slightly inhibited by PFWE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, and the growth of M. nanum, M. cookei & T. rubrum was slightly inhibited by PFWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum & M. cookei was slightly inhibited, however the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited by PFWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ of PFEE, the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and moderate inhibition of M. cookei growth and slight inhibition E. floccosum & M. gypseum were observed. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and the growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum & M. cookei was moderately inhibited by PFEE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Significant inhibitions of the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were observed by PFEE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 3. The growth of E. floccosum & M. cookei was moderately inhibited, and the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited by PFME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. But the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T, rubrum & T. tonsurans was significantly inhibited, and the growth of T. verrucosum was slightly inhibited in both PFME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activitiy of extracts from different parts of Cryptomeria japonica against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum. Disc diffusion and agar dilution methods were used for determining the antifungal activity of extracts, and their major constituents were analyzed by GC/MS. Black heartwood extract among the extracts showed the highest antifungal activity against dermatophytes. TLC was used for fractionating the effective fraction from the black heartwood extract with n-hexane and chloroform as developing solvents, and then antifungal activity of each fraction was examined against dermatophytes. As a result, seventh fraction showed the highest antifungal activity among nine fractions. The major constituent of the seventh fraction determined by GC/MS was expected to be sesquiterpene, damascone with 2 more carbon atoms. The other constituents were also identified as elemol, eudesmol and hinokione.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 1973

The majority of drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections has limited values due to its low efficacy or development of resistance. For the purpose of searching efficacious agent on the superficial fungal infections induced by dermatophytes which is regarded as the most malicious one, authors examined whether Chinae Rhizoma Extracts have significant on it. Extracts from Smilax china Linne used for the study are water extract (CRWE), ethanol extract (CREE) and methanol extract (CRME). In in vitro studies, the spores of the dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Chinae Rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and also $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of salicylic acid and undecylenic acid $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ as comparable drugs. The growth of the dermatophytes were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the dermatophytes used in this experiment were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum nanum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum distributed from The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Belgium. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited in CRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and only slight inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis and M. gypseum were observed in CRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. Complete inhibition of T. rubrum, moderate inhibition of M. nanum & T. tonsurans, and slight inhibition of E. floccosunl, M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes in growth were observed in concentration of CREE $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of M. gypseum was slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei & T. mentagrophytes, and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. nanum, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observeed by CREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CREE, the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed slight inhibition. 3. In CRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum, moderate inhibition of M. gypseum and complete inhibition of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans were completely inhibited except T. verrucosum being showed moderate inhibition in both CRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and CRME $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 4. In $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of undecylenic acid, slight inhibition of T. verrucosum and complete inhibition of E, floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, M. gypseum, M. nanum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum & T. tonsurans in growth were observed. From the above results, it was found that Chinas Rhizoma Alcoholic Extracts(CREE & CRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological actions of triterpenoidal saponin and steroidal saponin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1978

Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum are used in this study to confirm (a) The Dermatophytes could utilize the wool, cotton and nylon fiber as a nutrient source. (b) The degree of damage of fibers by the Dermatophytes growth. The results of the experiment are summarized as follows; 1. Dermatophytes could not utilize the wool, cotton and nylon fiber directly as a nutrient source without the exogenously applied nutrients. 2. It was presumed that Dermatophytes could utilize the knitted wool fabric as their nutrient source when nutrient was exogenously applied. since the knitted wool fabric was greatly damaged by T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum growth. 3. The tensile strength of knitted wool fabric was significantly decreased by T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum, but not by E. floccosum. However, the tensile strength of knitted nylon fabric was not particularly affected by the Dermatophytes. 4. The burst strength of knitted wool fabric was decreased by T. mentagrophytes ($77\%$). T. rubrum ($53\%$). and E. floccosum ($15\%$). Though the burst strength of knitted cotton fabric was decreased by Dermatophytes about $20\%$, that of knitted nylon fabric was not affected. 5. Observing the damaged wool fiber by scanning microscope, the inner part of wool fiber was permeated by T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1973

Although numerous drugs are available for the treatment of superficial fungi infections of skin, the clinical effects of the majority of such drugs are not satisfactory. In the hope of searching the effective drugs for superficial fungi infections, authors studied whether Veratrum rhizoma extracts had any effect on fungi, with water extract (VRWE), ethanol extract (VREE) and methanol extract (VRME) from Veratrum album L. var. grandiflorum Max. In in vitro studies, the spores of fungi were inoculated on Sabouraud's glucose agar media which contained three extracts of Veratrun rhizoma in each concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, and the growth of the fungi were observed for 3 weeks. The species of the fungi used in these experiments were Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton verrucosum. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The growth of M. canis, M. nanum, T mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans were slightly inhibited by VRWE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and with VRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, the growth of E. floccosum, M. gypseum and T. rubrum were slightly inhibited, moderate inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. nanum, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans were showed by VRWE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2. With $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ of VREE, the inhibition on growth of E. floccosum, M. nanum and M. gypseum were slight, however significant inhibition on the growth of M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed. The growth of M. nanum and M. gypseum were moderately inhibited, and significant inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. cookei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed by VREE $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. By VREE $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, the growth of all tested fungi were significantly inhibited except T. verrucosuia being showed slight inhibition. 3. Significant inhibition on the growth of M. canis, T, mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were noted, and moderate inhibition of M. nanum, slight inhibition of E. floccosum and M. gypseum in growth were observed by VRME $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. The growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. cookei, T. mentsgrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were significantly inhibited by VRME $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, and that of M. gypseum was moderate. With $5,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of VRME, significant inhibition on the growth of E. floccosum, M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, M. cookei, T mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans were observed, and T. verrucosum was showed only slight inhibition. From the above results, it was found that the extracts of organic solvents from Veratrum rhizoma (VREE & VRME) exerted significant antifungal activity, and their effects were probably derived from the pharmacological action of steroidal alkaloids.

• Journal of Mycology and Infection
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.115-117
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• 2018

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 2004

The antifungal activities of the essential oil from Agastache rugosa and its main component, estragole, combined with ketoconazole, one of the azole antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by Trichophyton species, were evaluated in this study. The combined effects were measured by the checkerboard microtiter and the disk diffusion tests, against T. erinacei, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. schoenleinii and T. soudanense. Susceptibility of the five Trichophyton species to the oil alone, or ketoconazole alone, differed distinctly. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) of ketoconazole combined with estragole or A. rugosa essential oil, against the tested Trichophyton species, were between 0.05 and 0.27, indicating synergistic effects. These drug combinations exhibited the most significant synergism against T. mentagrophytes, with FICIs of 0.05 and 0.09 for estragole and the essential oil fraction from A. rugosa, respectively. Isobolograms based on the data from checkerboard titer tests also indicated significant synergism between ketoconazole and the Agastache oil fraction or estragole, against the Trichophyton species evaluated. Trichophyton susceptibility to ketoconazole was significantly improved by combination with the Agastache rugosa oil fraction or its main component, estragole.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 1972

Thirty-three Mannich bases of 2,2'-methylene bis(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) were synthesized as potential antimicrobial agents and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae in vitro. It was found that: 1) Compounds 24 and 22 were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis at the concn. of 1 $\mu$g/ml respectively; 2) Compounds 9 and 29 were active against Trichophyton rubrum at the concn. of 2 $\mu$g/ml respectively; 3) Compouns 9 and 30 were active against Microsporum gypseum at the concn. of 2 $\mu$g/ml respectively; 4) Compounds 6,9,13,15,21,28,29,31,33 and 34 were active against Epidermophyton floccosum at the concn. of 1 $\mu$g/ml respectively; 5) Compounds 6,9,18 and 28 were active against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae at the concn. of 1 $\mu$g/ml respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 1980

The authors performed clinical and mycological studies on Tinea cruris of 842 outpatients who had visited the dermatology clinic of Seoul National University Hospital from 1975 to 1979. 1) The incidence of Tinea cruris was 4.4% in maximum and 3.0% in minimum of the total superficial mycotic diseases cases, so there are no remarkable changes of the yearly prevalence rate. 2) Tinea cruris was more frequent among males, and the male cases were 15.2 times higher than those of female cases. 3) By the monthly distribution, Tinea cruris shows most high in summer season (June, July and August). 4) The age distribution group for Tinea cruris varied from the first to the eighth decade, but most of them were in their third decade. 5) Concurrent infection of Tinea cruris with other types of dermatophytoses(Tinea) was noted in 19.0% of the cases. Patients with Tinea cruris and Tinea pedis were most highly observed in 51.3%, and on next. Tinea cruris and Tinea corporis 25.6% in all of the concurrent infection cases. 6) The strains were identified by culture on ordinary Sabouraud's glucose agar media and abtained three species and 99 strains. a) Trichophyton rubrum was most common causative organism of Tinea cruris. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated 64 strains (64.6%). b) Trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated 27 stains (27.3%) and Epidermophyton floccosum was 8 strains (8.1%).