• 수완나부미
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2011

The state-sangha relations in the countries of Theravada Buddhism has often been described as a mutually dependent patron-client relation in which the state and the sangha support each other by performing their due roles. Yet this theory involves a normative dimension that prescribes such a relation as the ideal in the Buddhist world. The explanatory power of this theory hence is hampered in a country where the ideal is not fully realized. In the wake of tumultuous political upheaval where political rivals vie for the state the ideal as well as the theory are put into a trial. The tragic history of modern Cambodia is a history of ceaseless conflict in which multiple contenders for the state had to define their relations with the sangha. The relations defined turned out less mutual than supposed. The state-sangha relations were rather unilaterally dependent. More often than not the sangha was subject to state control with no power to confront the state or coopted only to become a tool for political propaganda and manipulation. The sangha always played the role of client, waiting for the state to define the relation and to be benevolent. Even when the monks were forced to disrobe and when the sangha itself was annihilated, all they did was to wait for another patron state that would put the sangha back in place. The state-sangha relations the Cambodian history reveals were not close to one in which the two parties benefit each other on an equal basis. It was a patron-client relationship in which the client sangha had to be heavily dependent on the patron state. Such a unilaterally dependent relationship is the one that has prevailed in Cambodia.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2024

본 연구의 목적은 동일 검사의 반복 시행이 이루어지는 종단적 연구의 재검사 신뢰도를 알아보는 것이다. 종단적 연구에서 나타날 수 있는 다양한 상황의 측정을 혼합모형을 이용하여 수립하였다. 참값은 안정성과 불안정성, 계통오차는 세 가지 형태의 조합에 의한 측정 모형을 고려하였으며 신뢰도를 정의하였다. 실제 종단적 자료의 적용과 신뢰도 분석을 위해 버클리 성장연구에서의 키 자료와 시카고 대학 실험학교에서의 어휘점수 자료를 이용했다. 혼합모형을 이용하면 참값과 오차의 공분산 구조를 따로 선택하여 신뢰도를 알아볼 수 있는 장점이 있다. 그러나 연구자는 종단적 연구의 적절한 신뢰도 분석을 위해 피험자와 검사, 그리고 연구에서 가해지는 처리의 특성과 같이 측정에서 발생가능한 변동 요인을 잘 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 그리고 이에 맞는 모형을 선택하고 시행마다 다른 신뢰도 계수로 측정의 질을 평가해야 한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.497-509
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• 2002

연구배경 : 대표적 세포내 감염질환인 결핵에 대한 숙주의 방어기전 및 면역반응은 아직도 정확히 이해되지 못하고 있으며 이러한 병리기전을 연구하기 위하여서는 적절한 감염모델이 필요하다. 전혈 (whole blood)은 체액성 면역과 세포성 면역을 모두 포함한 생체의 상태를 반영하므로 다양한 대상에서 면역상태의 차이에 따른 개체간 결핵균 살균력의 차이를 비교 할 수 있는 적절한 모델로 추정된다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 인체의 결핵균 전혈 배양모델을 개발하여 궁극적으로 시험관내에서 숙주면역의 정도를 측정하는 대리 표지자를 개발하고자하는 것이다. 방 법 : PPD 양성 정상인을 대상으로 제대혈, 결핵환자, 당뇨 및 폐암환자와 비교하였다. 전혈을 희석하여 결핵균 Mycobacterium avium과 M. tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra$에 낮은 감염률로 감염시키고 $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ 배양기 속의 회전교반기에서 회전시키면서 배양(rotating culture) 하였다. 배양 1 일, 3일 및 4일 뒤 증류수로 긴장저하용해 시킨 후 Middlebrook 7H10/OADC 평판배지에서 결핵균 집락이 형성될 때까지 3-4주간 $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ 배양기에 배양하여 집락수를 계산하였다. 일부실험에서 TNF-${\alpha}$의 분비능을 90%이상 감소시키 기 위하여 methylpredmsolone과 pentoxifylline을 첨가하여 면역조정을 하였으며, CD4+ T-림프구와 CD8+ T-림프구를 magnetic bead에 코팅된 단클론 항체를 사용하여 제거하였다. 결핵균의 수는 용해질 $m{\ell}$ 당 CFU로 계산하였다. 살균력은 ${\Delta}$ log killing ratio로 표시하였다. ${\Delta}$ logKR=$log_{10}$(Final CFU/Initial CFU). 결 과 : 1. 제대혈의 결핵균 살균력이 PPD 양성 대조군에 비하여 다소 감소된 경향을 보였으며, 결핵환자의 결핵균 살균력은 PPD 양성 대조군과 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 당뇨군과 폐암군의 결핵균 살균력도 정상 대조군에 비하여 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. Methylprednisolone과 pentoxyfylline을 사용한 면역조정 시에 제대혈, PPD 양성 정상 대조군과 결핵군 모두에서 전혈에서의 결핵균의 살균력이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 3. CD4+ 및 CD8+ T-림프구 삭제시 log KR가 증가되어 유의하게 결핵균 살균력이 감소되었으며 CD4+ 및 CD8+ T-림프구 동시 삭제시 현저한 상승효과를 보였고 이러한 결과는 Mycobacterium avium보다는 독력이 없는 균인 Mycobacterium tuberculosis $H_{37}Ra$에서 보다 뚜렷하였다. 4. 폐결핵 치료후의 결핵균 살균력은 치료 전과 비교하여 유의하게 ${\Delta}$ logKR가 감소하였으며, 배양 3-4일에도 현저한 결핵균 증식의 억제를 보였다. 결 론 : 인체의 결핵균에 대한 감수성인 개체간의 면역상태를 전혈에서 결핵균 살균력을 통하여 비교할 수는 없었다. 그러나 인체 전혈 모델은 간단하고 임상경과 관찰이 쉬우며 결핵환자에서 치료 전과 후에 현저한 결핵균 살균력의 차이를 보이므로, 최근 결핵연구의 가장 중요한 과제의 하나인 백신 개발에서 그 성과를 판단하는 vaccine trial에 이용할 수 있을 가능성을 시사한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.169-195
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• 2020

항공운송이 증대되면서 항공지연이 발생할 수 밖에 없고 그로 인해 항공소비자들의 피해도 확대되고 있다. 우리나라는 국토교통부 고시로 항공교통이용자 보호기준을 마련하고 항공소비자의 보호를 꾀하고 있지만, 항공지연에 대한 사항은 포함되어 있지 않았다. 다만 이 기준에서는 이동지역지연(타막 딜레이)에 대한 사항만을 규정해놓았는데, 이 기준은 고시에 불과했다. 법률의 위임을 받은 행정규칙이나 강제성 있는 법률이 아니라는 것이다. 그런데 타막 딜레이 관한 내용이 항공사업법 제61조의2[이동지역에서 지연 금지 등]로 신설되어, 2020년 5월27일부터 시행됨에 따라 이동지역내에서 항공운송사업자의 지연이 강제성을 가진 규제대상이 되었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 이 규정의 시행 이전에 항공지연과 관련한 항공소비자들의 보호에 있어서 재판을 통한 민사적 해결방법이 어떻게 이루어졌는지 고찰하였다. 또한 항공소비자의 보호법리가 공법적 차원에서 소비자보호권이 헌법상 기본권이 되는지에 관한 사항과 국가기관이 소비자보호의 주체가 되어야 하는지에 관해 연구하였다. 이를 위해 미국의 Tarmac Delay Rule과 비교하며 연방행정규칙으로 작용하는 Tarmac Delay Rule의 시행효과와 강제집행조치들의 내용을 살펴보았다. 이어 Biscone 사건을 통해 미국법원의 Tarmac Delay에 대한 승객의 손해배상청구소송이 인정되기 쉽지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 법원은 연방규칙상 Tarmac Delay Ruel에 따라 항공사를 제재하면 된다고 보았다. 우리나라와 미국 모두 재판을 통해 지연으로 인한 항공소비자의 손해를 구제하는 데에 한계가 있음을 파악하고, 우리나라가 새롭게 시행하는 [이동지역에서 지연금지]규정의 실효성 확보를 위해 벌칙 규정의 강화 및 나아가 항공소비자보호를 위해 항공사업법 시행규칙에 항공교통이용자보호 규정을 신설이 필요함을 제안하였다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2008

The economic cooperation between the South and North Koreas is a very important issue for the unification and economic development of both Koreas. In order to reach a successful economic cooperation, there is a need to coordinate the differences of the two countries before unification. The economic cooperation and the cooperation in other sectors will be followed by the entire unification. It is necessary to prepare a mechanism that could peacefully solve the conflicts and disputes that could arise during the actual process of cooperation, which will secure stable investments and trades. The study on the possibility of introducing the arbitration system as a conflict solving mechanism between the two Koreas is a very important subject, and the basis of this study is on the examination of the arbitration laws of North Korea. Therefore, the study on the efficiency of the North Korean arbitration laws on foreign economy is studying the possibility of a systematical solution to economic conflicts between the South and North Koreas. The problems and possible solutions of the North Korean foreign economy arbitration laws are summarized as follows. First, juridical cooperation system for both South and North courts of justice needs to be set up to smoothly carry out the main procedures. Mutual correspondence and telecommunication needs to be guaranteed, also remittance and the movement of goods shall precede. Second, the free liquidation of businesses by unit and the individual and independent management of wealth of the North Korean economic bodies, organizations and businesses shall precede to independently liquidate wealth and thus make arbitration possible. Third, amendments in the North Korea's foreign economy arbitration law shall be made to some parts of regulations on arbitration agreements and specific contents of written arbitration agreements to avoid conflicts regarding arbitration agreement. Fourth, the members of the North Korean arbitration committee shall impartially manage the committee only without taking the role of arbitrator, and the clause that allows the North Korean committee to nominate the arbitrator shall be erased. In case an agreement regarding the number of arbitrators is not reached, the three arbitrators general rule shall be applied. In case of requests from any of the parties, a third country arbitrator nomination shall be guaranteed. Also, the requested arbitrator by the party shall be nominated with the cooperation of the court. Fifth, the trial in case of non-appearance or written trial shall be added to the North Korean law in to prevent intended negligence or evasion. Sixth, regulations regarding the court's investigation of evidence shall be added to the North Korean law to make fair arbitration possible in case that government power is needed in order to investigate evidence. Seventh, provisions regarding majority decision shall be added in the North Korean law in the impossibility of unanimous decisions, and the certified system in the arbitration committee official text shall be erased to prevent arrogation and assure the power of the decision made by the arbitration government. Eighth, as "the wrong decision approved" reason for cancellation of arbitration in the North Korean law includes the content of the decision made by the arbitrator could lead to uselessness of arbitration, amendment will be necessary to limit it to legitimacy of the arbitration agreement and wrong procedures. It is hoped that this thesis will be of important use in understanding the issues on the workability and the solutions to the South and North Koreas' arbitration that could be presented during the negotiations for the countries' economic cooperation.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2009

This study was aimed at investigating the correlation between Homocysteine and Serum Lipids in Cerebral Infarction Patients. This study was done with 69 cases of cerebral infarction patients who admitted to department of the internal medicine Jeonju Oriental Medical hospital, Wonkwang University from June in 2007 to May in 2008 and with 46 people without 6 major risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, past history of CVA and TIA) as control group recruited at department of the internal medicine Iksan Oriental Medical hospital, Wonkwang University from March in 2008 to March in 2008. The general characteristics along with blood homocysteine and serum lipids are recorded and analyzed according to blood homocysteine levels. A total of 69 patients and 46 control groups were included in the trial. In cerebral infarction patients, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride were increased according to concentration of homocysteine, but no statistical significance was noted in this study. The Correlation between Homocysteine and Serum Lipids was not proven. Further research on the subject is needed.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine how exercise intensity affects muscle activity and kinematic variables during squat. Method: Fifteen trainers with >5 years of experience were recruited. For the electromyography (EMG) measurements, four surface electrodes were attached to both sides of the lower extremity to monitor the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris. Three digital camcorders were used to obtain three-dimensional kinematics of the body. Each subject performed a squat in different conditions (40% one-repetition maximum [40%1RM], 60%1RM, and 80%1RM). For each trial being analyzed, three critical instants and two phases were identified from the video recording. For each dependent variable, one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among the three different conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results: The results showed that the average integrated EMG values of the RF were significantly greater in 80%1RM than in 40%1RM during the extension phase. The temporal parameter was significantly longer in 80%1RM than in 40%1RM and 60%1RM during the extension phase. The joint angle of the knee was significantly greater in 80%1RM than in 40%1RM at flexion. The range of motion of the knee was significantly less in 80%1RM than in 40%1RM and 60%1RM during the flexion phase and the extension phase. The angular velocity was significantly less in 80%1RM than in 40%1RM and 60%1RM during the extension phase. Conclusion: Generally, the increase of muscle strength decreases the pace of motion based on the relation between the strength and speed of muscle. In this study, we also found that the increase of exercise intensity may contribute to the increase of the muscle activity of the RF and the running time in the extension phase during squat motion. We observed that increased exercise intensity may hinder the regulation of the range of motion and joint angle. It is suitable to perform consistent movements while controlling the proper range of motion to maximize the benefit of resistance training.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical analysis of varying backpack loads on the lower limb movements during downhill walking over $-20^{\circ}$ ramp. Method : Thirteen male university students (age: $23.5{\pm}2.1yrs$, height: $175.7{\pm}4.6cm$, weight: $651.9{\pm}55.5N$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Each subject walked over $20^{\circ}$ ramp with four different backpack weights (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of body weight) in random order at a speed of $1.0{\pm}0.1m/s$. Five digital camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain 3-d data and kinetics of the lower extremity. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants were identified from the video recordings. Ground reaction force, loading rate, decay rate, and resultant joint moment of the ankle and the knee were determined by the inverse dynamics analysis. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among four different backpack weight conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results : The results of this study showed that the medio-lateral GRFs at RHC in 20% and 30% body weight were significantly greater than the corresponding value in 0% of body weight. A consistent increase in the vertical GRFs as backpack loads increased was observed. The valgus joint movement of the knee at RTO in 30% body weight was significantly greater than the corresponding values in 0% and 10% body weight. The increased valgus moment of 30% body weight observed in this phase was associated with decelerating and stabilizing effects on the knee joint. The results also showed that the extension and valgus joint moments of the knee were systematically affected by the backpack load during downhill walking. Conclusion : Since downhill walking while carrying heavy external loads in a backpack may lead to excessive knee joint moment, damage can occur to the joint structures such as joint capsule and ligaments. Therefore, excessive repetitions of downhill walking should be avoided if the lower extremity is subjected to abnormally high levels of load over an extended period of time.

• 복식
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• 제35권
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• pp.17-44
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• 1997

Medieval European practical art and style of costume is studied through referring to the literatures. The type of clothing that was seen on tapestries arts and crafts paintings and wall paintings and appeared in the architecture such as church. There were symbolic aspects of color motifs at this period and some restraints for clothing according to the social class, It was a period that draped garments due to the War of Crusades is appeared. Be-cause the medieval taste and decorative character is not only 'formative art' but also the taste beyoud 'mode' and atomsphere of that times it could be seen the strong reflec-tion of customs in the clothing of that times which is shown in works of art. 1) The purpose of Christian art which was found in mosaics stained glasses wall pain-tings and statues of architecture was not just the revival of natural phenomena but visuali-zation of sacred and invisible things. It was valuable to understandin of the spiritual through the sense organ It was a monumental art that was combined with decorative func-tion and role of the Bible. It revealed what was about the religious spiritual miracle, 2) In the medieval European painting characteristic and beautiful creativity was the basis of an argument. Both "Worship of East-ern" that is painted ion a parchment and "Cor-onation of Charles VI" were described decor-ation motifs on the edge of buildings geo-metric patterns and others with outstanding skill. there were precise technologic skill of architect and glassmen and lots of patience of craftsmen. " The Labour of the Months" and the scene of"A Trial at the Court" is also de-scribed elaborately. 3) Tapestry was developed in France Ger-many Swiss at the 14th century. Religionary and historical themes unicorn lady bird flowering plants and others were major motifs. It was very important as decorative wall coverings and as practical door arch and bed hangings. It was made through patient hard work with simple technique and it was con-sidered as an art for practical use. Tapestry was what everyone wish to have. It is reckoned for the item of the best gift. The royalty and nobility ordered and used custom-made tapestries. Sometimes the subject of motifs consisted of series which were deeply related to living 4) Decorative arts and crafts was the art that used materials such as precious metals jewels and others and that accorded with the luxurious and gorgeous taste of the royalty and nobility. Christian considered splendid and beautiful color of light as a symbol of glory. They used also for church appliances, There were metal crafts wood crafts textile crafts and others, As was stated above the costume appeared on the arts and crafts for living revealed the process of changes saw how the politic econ-omic and social organizations were developed.and social organizations were developed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.708-718
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• 2007

본 연구는 비타민 E의 보충섭취가 폐경기 여성의 항산화 영양상태 및 임파구 DNA 손상을 개선할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 수행되었으며, 이중맹검법으로 실시되었고 플라시보를 위약군으로 하였다. 폐경기 여성 35명을 대상으로 6주 동안 비타민 E 보충섭취군에게는 비타민 E 캡슐($\alpha$-tocopherol 성분 400 IU/capsule)을, 위약군에게는 대두유로 만든 위약 캡슐(400 mg/capsule)을 하루 2회 섭취하도록 하였으며, 이 때 두 군의 분류는 무작위로 하였다. 항산화 영양상태를 알아보기 위해 혈장 vitamin C, $\alpha$-tocopherol, $\gamma$-tocopherol, $\alpha$-carotenoid, $\beta$-carotenoid, lycopene 농도를 측정하였고, 임파구 DNA 손상정도를 알아보기 위해서는 Comet assay를 이용하여 tail length, %DNA in tail, tail moment를 측정하였다. 비타민 E 보충섭취군에서는 혈장 vitamin C(p<0.05)와 $\alpha$-tocopherol(p<0.000)농도가 유의적으로 증가하였고, $\gamma$-tocopherol(p<0.000) 농도와 tail length(p<0.05)는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 반면, 위약군에서는 혈장 vitamin C(p<0.05)의 농도만이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 비타민 E의 보충섭취가 혈장 항산화 상태 및 DNA 손상에 대해 부분적인 개선 효과가 있음을 보여주었다.