• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2004

A study was carried out to determine the effect of a very low-carbohydrate diet on weight gain, body composition, and serum levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, ketone bodies and insulin. Twenty rats (mean initial weight, 212 g) were divided into two groups and each group was assigned a conventional high-carbohydrate diet (control) or a very low-carbohydrate diet containing 59.8% ground pork rind snack and fed the diet for four weeks. Average daily body weight gain was not different between the two groups during the first two weeks, but was significantly lower in rats fed the very low-carbohydrate diet than in those in the control group during third (p<0.05) and fourth weeks (p<0.01). Feedintake as well as energy intake was lower in rats fed the very low-carbohydrate diet than in those in the control group. The very low-carbohydrate diet reduced (p<0.01) serum triacylglycerol (34$\pm$83 vs 82$\pm$8 mg/l00 mL) and insulin (3.90$\pm$0.53 vs 7.60$\pm$0.61 $\mu$IU/mL) levels, while increasing (p<0.01) ketone body level (368$\pm$25 vs 236$\pm$24 $\mu$mol/L), compared with the control. Serum glucose and total cholesterol levels were not different (p>0.05) between the two dietary treatments. Proximate analysis of carcasses showed that the very low-carbohydrate diet decreased (p<0.01) body fat (26.1$\pm$1.04 vs 30.5$\pm$0.86%), while increasing (p<0.01) body protein (63.1$\pm$0.94 vs 59.4$\pm$0.70%) contents. Results indicate that short-term feeding of a very low-carbohydrate diet is beneficial for alleviating risk factors known to involve cardiovascular diseases or artherosclerosis. However, more studies with model animals as well as humans are recommended to examine the long-term health benefits of low-carbohydrate diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.478-483
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• 1992

To evaluate a possible effects of instant buckwheat noodle on hepatic and serum lipids profiles, apparent digestibilities and growth rate, male young rats were fed diets containing sucrose as a control group, instant 100% wheat flour noodle, or instant wheat noodle fortified with either 10% or 30% buckwheat flour as experimental groups for 4 weeks. Weight gain and feed intake in the two buckwheat noodle fed groups were similar to those of the wheat flour fed groups. In addition, no significant differences were found in the apparent digestibilities among the groups experimented. There were no differences in the hepatic and serum cholesterol levels due to the diets. However, Buckwheat noodle group showed a trend to decrease the liver and serum concentration of triacylglycerol, compared to the sucrose and 100% wheat flour groups. The addition of buckwheat flour to wheat flour up to 30% seemed to be effective in lowering the hepatic triacylglycerol level. After 10hr fasting, the serum glucose level of the buckwheat noodle group was similar to the levels of the other groups. The presented results indicate that instant noodle containing buckwheat at the level of 30% has a mild hypotriglyceridemic effects, and no adverse effects on the digestion of macronutrients in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.470-478
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• 2009

Low trans fats were synthesized by interesterification of rice bran oil (RBO), palm stearin (PS) and high oleic sunflower seed oil (HO) using TLIM from Thermomyces lanuginosa. After 24-h reaction, physicochemical characteristics such as fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, solid fat content, melting point, tocopherol, oryzanol and phytosterol contents were evaluated. Trans fatty acid contents of the produced low-trans fats showed less than 0.5 wt%. Mostly, triacylglycerol species in the products were palmitoyl-linoleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (PLO), palmitoyl-oleoyl-oleoyl-glycerol (POO) and palmitoyl-oleoyl-palmitoyl-glycerol (POP). Total tocopherol contents ranged from 6.94 to 11.83 mg/100 g while $0.18{\sim}0.49$ mg/100 g of $\gamma$-oryzanol and $182.47{\sim}269.08$ mg/100 g of phytosterols were observed depending on the substrates ratios. When the content of PS in the reaction substrate was increased, solid fat content and slip melting points were increased.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.81-82
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• 2006

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.110-113
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• 2001

The lipid classes constituents; hydrocarbons, wax esters, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, 1,3-diacylglycerols, 1,2-diacylglycerols, free sterols, 2-monoacylglycerols, 1-monoacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylinositols of Nicotiana tabacum L. seeds oil were investigated by thin layer and gas chromatography. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major components in all lipid classes studied.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.4 s.29
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• pp.169-178
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• 1976

The concentration of amino acids, total nitrogen, trehalose, lipids and the activities of respiratory, acid$\cdot$alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalozcetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase during larval stage in Pine leaf gall midge, Thecodiplosis janensis Uchi. et Inouye were measured using Paper chromatographic method, micro-Kjeldahl method, Thin layer chromatographic method, Warburg's manometric method, Bessey-Lowry method and Reitman-Frankel method, respectively. Healthy specimens )yore chosen as samples of each larval stages; alrva in gall and larva in soil. Amino acids present in the alcoholic extracts were alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, methionine, proline, threonine, tryptophan and valine. The total nitrogen concentration reached to 31.348mg/g during the larva in gall and the larval stage in soil of the value was decreased to 29.027mg/g. The hemolymph sugar, trehalose value for larva in soil was about two times of the value for larva in gall. Total lipid, phospholipid,monoacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, sterol, free fatty acid and ester cholesterol were identified at larval stages in gall and soil. Triacylglycerol concentration reached high level in contrast with other lipid contents during larvae in gall and larva in soil. Free fatty acid, sterol except decreased lipids during larval stage in soil. Endogenous respiration, succinate of respiratory activities decreased at larval stage in soil compare with larva in gall. The activities of acid phosphatase decreased larval stage in soil but the activities of alkaline phosphatase increased remarkably. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase reached high level of the larva in gall.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1996

Variation in triacylglycerols(TGs) and fatty acids in Fucus serratus was analyzed for a period of one year. TGs were more concentrated during the summer(2.8mg/g dw)and autumn(2.6mg/g dw) than during the spring (0,7mg/g dw)and winter (0.5mg/g dw). The dominant fatty acides in total liqid were palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$, 24.1%), oleic acid (($C_{18:1}$, 22.4%) and arachidonic acid (($C_{20:4}$, 14.4%) but the dominant ones in TG were $C_{16:0}$(22.8%), $C_{18:1}$(36.4%) and $C_{18:2}$(linoleic acid, 16.4%). The levels of $C_16$ fatty acids were high in winter while $C_18$ in summer and autumn. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were more abundant in the $C_20$ series, while the UFAs of the $C_16$ were low. Especially, the amount of arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$, 14.4% of total fatty acids (TFA) was more abundant than that of eicosapentaenoic acid ($C_{20:5}$, 10.4% of TFA). The amount of $C_{20:4}$ and $C_{20:5}$,in TG was 9.2% and 4.8%, respectively. These UFAs in total lipid were thus higher than TG. Therefore, the synthesis of TG and fatty acid was stimulated by the alternation of emersion and submersion of thalli from sea water and eco-physiological conditions during summer: high temperature and light, and low concentration of nitrogen.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of the ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2) on lipid metabolism were characterized in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate their utility for treating obesity. While the amounts of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) were markedly increased in the adipocytes treated with high amounts of cholesterol and fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test groups treated with Rb2 showed levels that were close to normal. The effect of Rb2 on these cells was comparable to that of lovastatin. Rb2 enhanced the expression of the sterol regulated element binding protein (SREBP) mRNA whereas treatment with cholesterol and FBS led to a reduction in the abundance of this transcript. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) was lower in the cholesterol group compared to the Rb2 treatment group suggesting that the observed decrease in cholesterol levels and activated SREBP was mediated by Rb2. Treatment with Rb2 also resulted in a decrease in TAG levels in adipocytes cultured under high fatty acid conditions. This effect was mediated by stimulating the expression of SREBP and Leptin mRNA, suggesting that Rb2 might be a valuable component capable of lowering the levels of lipids.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2001

Silk fibroin (SF) derided from the domestic silk worm, bombyx mori, is the natural protein and widely used as bio-functional materials as well as apparels. We studied the livers protective effect of SF from alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in the alcohol preference mouse. To increase more absorption of SF in experimental animals, molecular weight of SF was lowered by 2N of HCI aqueous solution at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs. SF was added to liquid diet with alcohol and fed to the alcohol preference mice for 4 weeks. To assess the liver function, the concentration of alanine aminotransferase (AlT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and cholesterol present in either blood or liver tissue were measured. As compared with non-SF treated groups the SF-treated showed significantly low concentrations of ALT, AST, cholesterol and triacylglycerol values, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed that the extent of hepatocyte injury in the SF-treated group was reduced when it was compared with non SF-treated group. These results suggest that SF may have liver protective effects against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

Fermented Chlorella vulgaris CBT$^{(R)}$ was evaluated for its effects on egg production, egg quality, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. One hundred and eight Hy-line Brown layers (n = 108), 80 wk of age, were fed a basal diet supplemented with CBT$^{(R)}$ at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 42 d. Egg production was measured daily and egg quality was measured every two weeks. Five eggs from each replicate were collected randomly to determine egg quality. Egg production increased linearly with increasing levels of CBT$^{(R)}$ supplementation (p<0.05), although there was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake. Egg yolk color (p<0.001) and Haugh unit (p<0.01) improved linearly with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$. Hepatic triacylglycerol level was linearly decreased with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). The supplemental CBT$^{(R)}$ resulted in linear (p<0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) response in population of cecal lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, fermented Chlorella vulgaris supplemented to laying hen diets improved egg production, egg yolk color, Haugh unit and positively affected the contents of hepatic triacylglycerol and the profiles of cecal microflora.