• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 1990

An experiment was conducted to evaluate relative biopotency of tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$) and thyroxine ($T_4$) to induce oxygen consumption in young chicks. Four experimental groups of 3 chicks were injected with $T_3$ or $T_4$ at a dose of 500 or 1000mg per kg body weight, and thereafter oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry using a respiration apparatus. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased at 2 and 4 hour in the $T_3$ or $T_4$ treated chicks at 500mg at 2 hour. From coefficient of a multiple regression equation of oxygen consumption on $T_3$ or $T_4$, it was concluded that $T_3$ was shown to be two to three times as biologically active as $T_4$.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.438-446
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• 2007

Viable cells of periodontal ligament would be an important factor for the successful replantation of an avulsed tooth. Therefore, it is critical to choose the storage medium for the preservation of traumatically avulsed teeth. Growth factors and hormones could be considered for the therapeutic application of the maintenance of viable periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been suggested as an important player for the regeneration and wound healing process on other tissues. Therefore, EGF was evaluated for the therapeutic application on avulsed teeth. In addition, the synergic effect of EGF with tri-iodothyronine (T3) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF). The cell proliferation of PDLFs was determined by MTT assay and increased dose-dependently up to 10 ng/ml in the presence of EGF. Maximum cellular growth was shown at the concentration of 10 ng/ml EGF. Also, EGF promoted the wound healing of PDLFs examined by in vitro wound healing assay. Combined effects of EGF with T3 or HB-EGF on the proliferation of PDLFs were also studied. Interestingly, EGF showed the synergic effect on the proliferation of PDLFs with T3 and HB-EGF. To find out the mechanism of the synergic effect of EGF and T3, the effect of T3 on the expression of endogenous EGF receptor was determined by RT-PCR. The result was that T3 enhanced the expression of EGF receptor in PDLFs. It suggested that EGF might be a good choice for a therapeutic application, which can be used as combination with T3 and HB-EGF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 1992

Secretory patterns of serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin and testosterone were analysed by specific radioimmunoassay in Kaghani (n = 42), Rambouilet (n = 42) and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet (n = 42) male sheep to determine age and breed related changes. Animals were examined at 1-2 wk, 8, 10, 12, 20, 22 and 24 months of age (n = 6/age group). All animals were maintained under standard conditions of feeding and management. $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were maximal (p < 0.01) in 1-2 wk old lambs of all breeds studied ($207.4{\pm}14.9-276.8{\pm}20.4ng/dl$ and $5.76{\pm}0.3-7.23{\pm}0.9{\mu}g/dl$, respectively). For all the breeds, concentrations of $T_3$ declined markedly (p < 0.01) at 8 month of age and then varied in a narrow range ($44.5{\pm}14.0-87.0{\pm}4.8ng/dl$) up to the age of 24 month. While, serum $T_4$ concentrations decreased (p < 0.01) to nadir ($0.97{\pm}0.1-1.43{\pm}0.3{\mu}g/dl$) at 10 months of age in all the 3 breeds. Afterwards, $T_4$ levels increased gradually and attained a small peak at 20 months before declining again at 22 and 24 months of age. Serum $T_3$ and $T_4$ concentrations were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) and their ratio was constant at all ages in the different breeds. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the secretion of testosterone in the breeds examined but the breed differences were comparable. Mean serum concentrations of testosterone were low from 1-2 wk to 10 months of age in the Kaghani, Rambouillet and Kaghani ${\times}$ Rambouillet animals. Peak testosterone levels were noted in the 12 months old Kaghani ($1.75{\pm}0.4ng/ml$), Rambouillet ($1.30{\pm}0.2ng/ml$) and their $T_3$ cross animals ($1.16{\pm}0.08ng/ml$). Mean testosterone levels, thereafter, decreased at 20 months and then at 22 and 24 months remained variable but higher than observed at 1-2 wk -10 months of age. The findings of the present study indicate a significant influence of age but not of breed on the peripheral concentrations of thyroid hormones and testosterone. Serum concentrations of $T_3$ and $T_4$ were not related to testosterone levels. High thyroid secretory activity observed at prenatal phase of development may play an important role in preparing the lambs to extrauterine environments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1998

To study the effect of induced hypothyroidism on fertility status of male Black Bengal goats, 10 adult healthy mature males were divided into control and treated groups. Hypothyroidism was induced successfully by injecting thiourea subcutaneously initially for 15 days at the rate of 100 mg/kg body weight, followed by 66.7 mg/kg body weight for the subse quent 15 days. This resulted in a decrease (p < 0.01) in plasma tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine and testosterone levels, with increasing duration of thiourea treatment. It also adversely affected semen quality, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility and viability. Live percentage declined to 75% for treated and control remained at 90%. Artificial insemination fo female goats with semen of thiourea-treated goats, resulted in failure of conception. However, females inseminated with semen of male goats of control group showed 100% conception. These observations indicate that, thyroid hormones play a key role in maintaining the normal reproductive processes of male goats.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Object : This study was to evaluate the effect of Ginseng Radix, aqueous extracts of the root part of Panax ginseng on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : Aqueous extracts of Ginseng Radix(GR; yield = 11.70%) were administered, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 300 and 150 mg/kg(body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10mg/kg for 28 days. The changes in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, serum levels of thyroid hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), tri-iodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and triglyceride, liver antioxidant defense system-lipid peroxidation, $H_2O_2$, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were observed with histopathology of thyroid glands. Results : Results were compared with LevoT4 0.5mg/kg treated rats. GR extracts suppressed the decreases in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, T3 and T4, TG, liver $H_2O_2$ and SOD activities as results of PTU treatment. And GR extracts suppressed the increases of HDL contents, liver CAT activities, thyroid gland weight as results of PTU treatment. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contentsand sizes were demonstrated at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU-induced histopathological changes related to hypothyroidism were dramatically decreased by treatment of both different dosages of GR extract, respectively Conclusions : This study suggest that GR extracts have favorable effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism mediated by the modulatory effects on the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.630-637
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• 2010

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lonicerae Flos, aqueous extracts of the dried flower bud part of Lonicera japonica on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Aqueous extracts of Lonicerae Flos (LF yield = 23.80%) were administered, once day for 42 days from 2 weeks before start of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 500 and 250 mg/kg (body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body weight, thyroid gland weights, serum thyroid hormone - thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$) and thyroxine ($T_4$), serum lipid profiles - total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride were observed with liver antioxidant defense system - lipid peroxidation, $H_2O_2$, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and serum asparte aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) analysis. Results were compared with Levothyroxine ($LT_4$) 0.5 mg/kg treated rats. As results of PTU treatment, marked decreases of body weights, serum thyroid hormone levels and triglyceride contents, liver $H_2O_2_3$ and SOD activities were observed with increases of serum AST and HDL contents, liver CAT activities, thyroid gland weight. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of LF extracts, and LF extracts effectively regulated the hypothyroidism related changes on the antioxidant defense system. The results obtained in this study suggest that LF extracts have favorable effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism mediated by the modulatory effects on the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.132-146
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• 2016

Objectives This study's object was to observe the comparative effects of Yangkyuksanhwa-tang, Palmulgunja-tang and Cheongpyesagan-tang on the chronic LT4(levothyroxine) induced hyperthyroidism in rats.Methods Six groups, each of 8 rats in group, were used in this study. Saline and distilled water treated rats are intact control group. Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous LT4 300 μg/kg treatment for 27 days(LT4 control). Since 12th LT4 treatment PTU(propylthiouracil) 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneal injected(PTU group) and aqueous extracts of Yangkyuksanhwa-tang, Palmulgunja-tang and Cheongpyesagan-tang(YS, PG and CS) 500 mg/kg were orally administrated(YS, PG, CS group), once a day for 15 days. The differences in the body, thyroid gland and epididymal fat pad weights, serum T3(tri-iodothyronine), T4(thyroxine), TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone), thyroid gland and epididymal fat pad histopathology, liver weight, AST(asparte aminotransferase), ALT(alanine aminotransferase) concentrations, hepatic lipid peroxidation, GSH(glutathione), SOD(superoxide dismutase), CAT(catalase) activities, liver histopathology were observed to evaluate effects on hyperthyroidism, liver damages and antioxidant effects.Results As results of LT4 treatment, hyperthyroidism and related liver damages such as lower body, thyroid weights, higher serum T3, T4, AST, ALT levels, thinner follicular lining epithelium in thyroid glands were observed. However, these symptoms were inhibited by oral treatment of YS, PG and CS. As compared with PTU treatment, these herbal prescriptions showed lower overall efficacy on the hyperthyroidism, but YS showed more favorable effects on the hepatic antioxidant defense systems.Conclusions This results suggest that YS, PG and CS favorably control the LT4 induced hyperthyroidism and related liver damages in rats through modulation of the hepatic antioxidative defense systems.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.109-119
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Mume Fructus(MF) on the 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism.Methods : Aqueous extracts of MF(yield = 19.38%) were administered, once per day for 42 days from 2 weeks before starting of PTU treatment as an oral dose of 300 and 150 ㎎/㎏(body weight), and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 ㎎/㎏ for 28 days. The changes in the body weight, thyroid gland weights, liver weight, serum levels of thyroid hormone-thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), tri-iodothyronine(T₃) and thyroxine(T₄), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), liver antioxidant defense system-lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were examined with histopathology of thyroid glands and liver.Results : Results were compared with LevoT₄0.5 ㎎/㎏ treated rats. MF extracts recovered from the decreases in the body weight, liver weight, T₃and T₄, TG, liver CAT activities as results of PTU treatment. And MF extracts recovered from the increases of thyroid gland weights, TSH, HDL contents, liver H₂O₂, AST as results of PTU treatment. In addition, these PTU-induced histopathological changes in thyroid glands and liver related to hypothyroidism were dramatically decreased by treatment of both different dosages of MF extract, respectively.Conclusions : According to the above results, it is suggested that MF extracts have advantageous effects on the thyroid hormone productions with beneficial effects on the hypothyroidism related liver injuries mediated by the modulation on the antioxidant system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods: Six groups, each of 8 rats per group were used in the present study - intact vehicle control, PTU control, Levothyroxine ($LT_4$), JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. JEKHT were administered once a day for 42 days as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body and organ weight, serum hormone and lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed with histopathology of organs. Results were compared with $LT_4$ 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results: PTU treatment, marked decrease of body weight, increases of thyroid weight, decreases of liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decreases of serum Tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$), and Thyroxine ($T_4$) level with increase of serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, decreases of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level with increases of serum Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level, increases of serum High density lipoprotein (HDL), decrease of triglyceride content, increase of serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, decreases of liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contents and diameters was additionally demonstrated with the decrease of hepatocyte numbers per unit area due to hypertrophy of hepatocytes related to lipid droplet depositions, increase of a/oligospermatic epididymal tubules with epididymal atrophic changes, seminiferous tubular atrophy with decrease of stage I~II seminiferous tubules in testis, prostate tubular atrophic changes at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and JEKHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Conclusions: JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.