• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.34-41
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• 1984

This study was conducted to investigate yearly changes of weeds occurring in orchard and to evaluate an effect of continuous herbicide application on weed population in apple fields. Digitaria sanguinalis, Cephalonoplos segetum, Calystegia hederacea, Polygonum aviculare, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Portulaca oleracea were observed to be the problem weeds in orchard with yearly similar species for a three-year, showing D. sanguinalis was single dominant species for a three-year experimental period. An increase of Simpson's index from 0.22 in the first year to 0.33 in the 3 rd year was observed in the oxyfluorfen treated plot, indicating that most of the weed species were well controlled, while in the untreated plot, D. sanguinalis was relatively single dominant species showing Simpson's index, 0.56 in the 1st year and decreased to 0.32 in the 3 rd year meaning diversification of weed species, and the same trend was also observed in community dominance. Dissimilarity coefficient, 41.6, observed in the weed populations of 1st year and 2nd year, increased up to 58.8 between 1st year and 3 rd year's weed populations in the oxyfluorfen treated plot, indicating that weed community was greatly affected by oxyfluorfen treatment. Based on 3 year's dry weight oxyfluorfen treatment controlled 95 % of weeds such as $149.3g/m^2$ dry weight in the untreated control plot, with a little yearly changes of dry weight. Composition of perennial and biennial weeds was about 59% in the herbicide treated plots and 30% in the untreated control, showing a relative increase of these weeds in the treated plot. However, total dry weight of these weeds was markedly low, showing less than 5% of the untreated one. An annual, D. sanguinalis composed of 70% of total dry weight in the untreated control.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2009

The internet has dramatically changed a way of business management and competition in the business environment. Especially, it stimulated not only to evolve online floral distribution service but also to change a phase of competition among floral retail stores in industry. And that also led to keen competition among IT service providers as well. This study is to examine how floral retail stores have been evolved and competed with the radical situation of the floral distribution industry through IT service in the aspect of business and information technology. In addition, the Typhoon Positioning Strategy(TPS), a strategy for the IT service positioning, is introduced from IT service provider's perspective. For IT service providers to create high business value and continuous service providing, IT service should be positioned on the customers' "core business" and developed to the level of "solution." The Typhoon Positioning Strategy(TPS) is a strategy for the IT service positioning, indicating that IT service should be positioned according to a Business Process-Service model with the consideration of business development direction, IT service trend, and user's IT capability. That is, IT service providers should find out customers' "core business" area first to provide a right IT service to the company, and the IT service provided should meet to the level of business solution. The capability of the IT solution users is also an important factor to be considered for the advanced IT service. There are four principles of the Typhoon Positioning Strategy(TPS). Principle 1) IT service provided should be an IT solution Map suitable for customer business processes. Principle 2) IT service provided should be able to support customer core business. Principle 3) IT service provided should be a business solution. Principle. 4) IT service provided should be applied differently according to the level of customer's IT capability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.323-335
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• 1983

The inhibitory effects of the extract and crude saponin of red and white ginsengs on lipoperoxide formation in vitro and in vivo were studied and correlated with anti-aging. To this end, antioxidant activity, induction period and lipoperoxide were measured by the methods of EDA, POV and TBA value. And also superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity were measured by pyrogallol autoxidation method (${\Delta}A$ 420/min) and initial velocity(${\Delta}A$ 436/min), respectively. From HPLC analysis, the PT/PD ratio of red and white ginsengs was found to be 0.561% and 0.401%, respectively, and red ginseng increased the PT/PD ratio in comparison with white ginseng. The EDA activity of red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng; red ginseng showed stronger antioxidative effect than white ginseng. The inhibitory effect of red ginseng was lower than that of white ginseng during the induction period. It was proved that high molecular coloring substance was deeply related to the initial stage of lipoperoxidation. There was no significant difference between red and white ginsengs in both in vitro and intraperitoneal administration experiments, and red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng in longterm administration. And also inhibitory effect on lipoperoxide formation was mainly occurred in liver, suggesting that the function of liver played an important role in anti-aging actions. From the measurement of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity for both ginseng groups intraperitoneally and orally administered, it was found that red ginseng group administered extract and crude saponin showed remarkable inhibitory effects in comparison with white ginseng. In particular, orally administered group showed more stronger inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in comparison with intraperitoneally administered group. It was also found that the continuous oral administration was more effective than temporary administration. Red ginseng was more notable anti-aging effect in comparison with white ginseng in vivo, and this may be due to the increase of SOD activity in rat-liver. Peroxidase activity also showed similar trend to SOD activity in vitro and in vivo experiments. Red ginseng was not only superior to white ginseng for preservation but also for biochemical and pharmaceutical efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2001

Genetic differentiation of populations is resulted from the environmental and the genetic effects, and the interactions between them. Whereas, the major factors influencing to the genetic differentiation within populations are the gene flow induced by seed or pollen dispersial, the microsite heterogeneity, and the density-dependent distribution of individuals. For the purpose of studying spatial genetic structure and the distribution pattern of Korean pines(Pinus koraiensis), we set up one $100{\times}100m$ plot at a Korean pine stand in Quercus mongolica community on Mt. Jumbong in Korea. To estimate the coefficient of spatial autocorrelation as Moran's index and an analogue, simple block distance, isozyme markers were analyzed in 325 Korean pines. For 11 polymorphic loci observed in 9 enzyme systems, the average percentage of polymorphic loci, the observed and expected heterozygocity were 72.2% 0.200, and 0.251, respectively. It was revealed the excess of homozygotes was observed in the plot, which suggests that here may be more number of consanguineous trees than expected. On the basis of isozyme genotypes observed in this study, 325 trees were classified into 147 groups in which the maximum number of trees for one group was 34. From the distance class of 24-32m, the genetic heterogeneity began to increase. The variation of simple block distance against the growth performance by tree height and diameter also showed the same trend at 24~32m class. According to high fixation index(F=0.204), the spatial genetic structure within a stand, the analysis of the growth performance, and the distribution patterns of identical genotypes, we inferred that the genetic structure of a Korean pine stand in Mt. Jumbong has been maintained rather density-dependent mechanism than the gene flow, such as the pollen dispersial or the heavy input of seeds following the forest gaps. The genetic patchy size was determined between 24~32m, which suggests that the selection of individuals for the ex situ conservation of Korean pine in Mt. Jumbong may be desirable to be made with the spatial distance over 37 meters between trees.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2006

Background: Luteolin, a flavone found in various Chinese herbal medicines is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties through its ability to inhibit various proinflammatory signaling pathways including NF-${\kappa}B$ and p38 MAPK. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of luteolin on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Materials and Methods: We used a transgenic mouse model expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of NF-${\kappa}B$ $cis$-elements. C57BL/6 NF-${\kappa}B^{EGFP}$ mice received 2.5% DSS in their drinking water for six days in combination with daily luteolin administration (1mg/kg body weight, 0.1ml vol, intragastric) or vehicle. NF-${\kappa}B$ activity was assessed macroscopically with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera and microscopically by confocal analysis. Results: A significant increase in the Disease Activity Index (DAI), histological score (p<0.05), IL-12 p40 secretion in colonic stripe culture (p<0.05) and EGFP expression was observed in luteolin and/or DSS-treated mice compared to water-treated mice. Interestingly, a trend toward a worse colitis (DAI, IL-12p40) was observed in luteolin-treated mice compared to non-treated DSS-exposed mice. In addition, EGFP expression (NF-${\kappa}B$ activity) strongly increased in the luteolin-treated mice compared to control mice. Confocal microscopy showed that EGFP positive cells were primarily lamina propria immune cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that luteolin is not a therapeutic alternative for intestinal inflammatory disorders derived for primary defects in barrier function. Thus, therapeutic intervention targeting these signaling pathways should be viewed with caution.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.273-280
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• 2017

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of specimen dimension on the flexural properties and testing reliability of dental composite resin. The composite resin was prepared experimentally by mixing a resin matrix with silanated micrometer glass filler at 50 vol%. Flexural specimens with various dimension in specimen's width were fabricated by light curing using a split metal mold; $25{\times}2{\times}2mm$, $25{\times}2{\times}4mm$, $25{\times}2{\times}6mm$ in length ${\times}$ height ${\times}$ width. The flexural strength and modulus were determined according to ISO 4049 test protocol at a span length of 20 mm (normal-flexural strength; NFS). Another flexural test was conducted using mini-sized specimens ($12{\times}2{\times}2mm$, $12{\times}2{\times}4mm$, $12{\times}2{\times}6mm$) from the broken specimens at a span length of 10 mm (mini-flexural strength; MFS). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test and the test reliability was evaluated by Weibull analysis. Results showed that there are generally no significant difference in flexural strength with the increase in the specimen width in NFS and MFS tests. However, the test reliability of flexural strength based on Weibull analysis was largely changed with the variables in the dimension of width and span length. The flexural modulus of NFS was increased as the dimension of specimens width increased while there was no trend in flexural modulus of MFS test. Overall results recommend that the evaluation of flexural properties and the reliability of dental composite resins should be performed with more than one test method.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.32
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• pp.395-432
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is (i) to explore arguments of post-kohlbergian approach in moral psychology and; (ii) to analyze Blasi's and Lapsley's positions regarding the relationship between moral philosophy and psychology in terms of reflective reasoning and; (ⅲ) to suggest their's implication concerning the future development of moral identity theory. Moral identity theory has emerged as an alternative approach of the Kohlberg's moral development theory. Theorists of moral identity theory commonly criticize Kohlberg's theory as a philosophical psychology and insist the autonomy of moral psychology. However, one can find different positions within this trend, especially concerning he meaning and role of the reflection in moral functioning. Blasi emphasizes the importance of the reflective reasoning of moral agent, while Lapsley supports moral automacy contrary to Kohlberg's phenomenalism. Although Blasi had been negative about building moral psychology based on the moral philosophy, he has articulated the moral identity theory based on the concept of free will by Frankfurt. However, recently he criticizes intuitionist theory of Haidit and suggests the notion of the moral agent with the skill of reflective reasoning, or post-conventional thinking in Kohlberg's terms. Blasi's perspective of moral identity has two version. The one emphasizes the moral understanding which means strong evaluation, while the other refers to reasoning with weak evaluation. This leads to an inevitable inner contradiction within his theory of moral identity. Lapsley considers moral identity as a heuristic idea and suggests moral chronic as a new model of moral identity. This model is based on the social cognitive theory. His social cognitive model of moral personality provides the account for implicit, tacit, and automatic of moral functioning, while reflecting the core of moral identity. Lapsley suggests that moral function involves conscious and unconscious processes. The former occurs in normal situations of life, while the latter in rare and unusual situations. He does not highlight reasoning in moral functioning as Blasi do. In consequence, I will argue the notion of the moral agent with the skill of reflective reasoning, or post conventional thinking in Kohlberg's terms in the moral functioning like Gibbs and Turiel positions in the Journal of Moral Education' s 2008 special issue. Moral philosophy and psychology should be in complementary relations. It means we explore not only more interdisciplinary researches on the moral functioning, but also researches based on the moral philosophy.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.57
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• pp.231-252
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• 2018

we have long used foreign words in using the term for guard security despite the obvious existence of own language, the use of foreign terms is strong in foreign feeling in delivery. and also weakens the true meaning of security. there are no terms expressed independently in korean, and we(they) are negligent in finding them and use the terms of foreign language. as a result, we(they) brought about a lack of choice in terms of proper security for our langage. currenty, it is widely used as a security guard even though there is an appropraite word that corresponds to the meaning and meaning of security guards in our words, we still use enlish expressions. there is because the English language is used for convenience regardless of weather the term is appropraite or not, and as the power of the English language is great amid in the trend of globalization. lt is easy to use english without thinking in terms of the use of terminology. ultimitely, however, this is due to the lack of awareness of the korean language. with these reasons, we must find the term of security guards in pure korean language. until now, we have used the terms 'guard, security, protect' as the terms security and protection the term 'Jikim' refers to the korean language as a means to be vigilant and guarded. Jikim refers to the action of maintaining the current safe state. Like school jikimi, children safety jikimi and environment jikimi, Jikim is already being used in many places. Therefore, the term 'guard' should be changed to an appropriate Korean term, and the term 'Jikim' is considered to be the most appropriate term in various sections. so, 'Jikim' will be appropriate in korean, which corresponds to the meaning of security guards. the guardian here is called the Jikimi. Jikimi is a combination of the word Jikim and the korean pronounce 'I' which means people

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-446
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• 2019

The interest in mini watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) with small fruits weighing 2-3 kg has increased by the increasing trend in one-person households and consequent tendency to consume small meals. Watermelon grafting onto cucurbit rootstocks is a very effective way to control soil-borne diseases, such as Fusarium wilt; however, this practice negatively impacts the fruit quality. This study was conducted to investigate the growth, fruit set, and fruit quality of mini watermelon grafted onto wild watermelon accessions (Citrullus spp.) resistant to Fusarium wilt. Five watermelon accessions (Galactica, IT 208441, PI 482322, PI 500303, and PI 593358) were evaluated as rootstocks for the mini watermelon "Ministar". Non-grafted "Ministar" and "Ministar" grafted onto "Shintozwa" (Cucurbita maxima D. C. moschata D.) or "Bullojangsaeng" (Lagenaria leucantha) were used as controls. The roots of the transplants grafted onto "PI 593358" and "Shintozwa" weighed more than those on other rootstocks. Additionally, the transplants on "PI 593358" showed better growth and fruit set in the field than the other transplants. However, the total soluble solid contents and fruit quality indices of the transplants on "PI 593358" and "Shintozwa" were lower, whereas the total fruit quality index of those on "PI 482322" was higher. Thus, the wild watermelon accessions tested can potentially be used as basic germplasm for developing watermelon rootstocks instead of cucurbit rootstocks. The most promising accession for this purpose was found to be "PI 482322".

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-58
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to show the clustering trend and the comparison of empirical results and is to choose the clustering ports for 3 Korean ports(Busan, Incheon and Gwangyang Ports) by using the bootstrapped DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) and game Cross-efficiency models for 38 Asian ports during the period 2003-2013 with 4 input variables(birth length, depth, total area, and number of cranes) and 1 output variable(container TEU). The main empirical results of this paper are as follows. First, bootstrapped DEA efficiency of SW and LT is 0.7660, 0.7341 respectively. Clustering results of the bootstrapped DEA analysis show that 3 Korean ports [ Busan (6.46%), Incheon (3.92%), and Gwangyang (2.78%)] can increase the efficiency in the SW model, but the LT model shows clustering values of -1.86%, -0.124%, and 2.11% for Busan, Gwangyang, and Incheon respectively. Second, the game cross-efficiency model suggests that Korean ports should be clustered with Hong Kong, Shanghi, Guangzhou, Ningbo, Port Klang, Singapore, Kaosiung, Keelong, and Bangkok ports. This clustering enhances the efficiency of Gwangyang by 0.131%, and decreases that of Busan by-1.08%, and that of Incheon by -0.009%. Third, the efficiency ranking comparison between the two models using the Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test was matched with the average level of SW (72.83 %) and LT (68.91%). The policy implication of this paper is that Korean port policy planners should introduce the bootstrapped DEA, and game cross-efficiency models when clustering is needed among Asian ports for enhancing the efficiency of inputs and outputs. Also, the results of SWOT(Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis among the clustering ports should be considered.