• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.137-154
• /
• 2002

It's not easy to renew old brand of over 50 years history to the tastes of new consumer of our time. Most of national brands that has a history of some 20 years in Korea have strove for continuation and growth of brand to no avails, which can be taken as a good example of current situation. For instance, C company, one of the National brand of US which has a history of 51 years, has made its position secure as a fashion group and based itself on a sound foundation by establishing new marketing strategy and completing successful brand renewal in the process of strategic M&A with Italian company. Those successful marketing strategies are as follows. 1) they regarded both market and consumer oriented marketing activity as company's highest priority strategy and put great emphasis upon concentration on target market and reestablishment of brand image of business casual wear. 2) Setting up and operating planning team composed of merchandizer alone in Milano, they set the direction of plan on the basis of concentrated research on potential item in market according to thorough market research done by buying office in Korea, branch office in Hong Kong and buyer in US prior to blueprint planning for season. 3) Great emphasis was placed on business which focused on intensive presentation of basic key item for apparel career women who are main consumer group in the midium-low prices market in US and on supplementation of size and color. they named this line 'collectibles' and helped their customer develop their own clothes plan without worrying about the change of color and fabric by supporting same fabric and color throughout the year and enabled them to add variation easily by supplementing new trend item. 4) Company set black as a main color that lots of apparel career women find easy to care and to express their own image and presented them with pebble which belongs to navy and beige and added fashion color such as wine and brown etc as season goes by. They constructed basic line in order for their customers to coordinate purchased item with new one or to add them to present collection, and to achieve efficient sale by setting up strategy which allows this cross coordination and changing pattern occasionally. 5) Though basic jacket for 99$, short slim skirt for 49$ are products within midium-low prices range, in the material planning stage aiming at production of item that has both resonable function appealing to consumer and is fashionable, synthetic material had to be used as a main source due to price competitiveness. Despite this situation, considering comfortable sense of fit and refined drape of silhouette that has no sign of cheap material, whole collectible line was divided into two items, which contributed to reduction of cost. In case of material that is composed of triacetate and polyester in 70 to 30 ratio, was used up to 4 million yard, which allowed drastic curtailment of cost accompanied by concentration. In case of 'collectibles' line, using Korean material mainly, C company chose to have their product sewed in Southeast Asian countries where transportation is well developed and both productivity and quality verified by operating global production system which aiming at cutdown of cost through outsourcing production from the country where labor cost is low and getting finished product. Polarization between present consumers telling us that consumers with the mind of middle classes in the past no longer exists between consumers who seek after only fine article of highest quality and wise consumers who are sensible enough to judge bubble on correlation between price and quality. To cope with this change in new consumer mind, apparel makes changing their policy so as to produce item that has reasonable quality and falls within affordable price range anywhere in the world. and they're striving to get out of difficult situation by operating global marketing strategy which stresses separation of planning, production and sale and sensibility of fashion shared worldwide. The marketing strategy of C company can be exemplified as a successful one.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.39 no.4 s.118
• /
• pp.498-507
• /
• 2006

The main objective of present study was to evaluate how seasonal rainfall influenced natural habitat conditions of 10 metric habitat variables along with ionic conditions and suspended solids in the Woopo Wetland during August 2002-July 2003. Largest spatial variabilities in total suspended solids (TSS) occurred during the summer monsoon and the inorganic suspended solids (ISS), expressed as a inorganic proportion of total solids, showed linearly increasing trend from the upstream to downstream. This phenomenon was mainly attributed to counter flow of turbid water from the main Nakdong-River. During the flooding, ISS : TSS ratio showed large increases (92%) in the downstream than the upstream (43%). For this reason, transparency declined (mean=0.13 m, range=0.08-0.21 m) largely in the downstream reach and thus, chlorophyll-a concentration showed low values (range: $4.2-8.6\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), indicating a direct influence on primary productivity or algal growth by inorganic turbidity. In the 2nd survey, ISS averaged 4.0 mg $L^{-1}$ (3.3-4.8 mg $L^{-1}$), thus the ISS decreased by 14 fold, compared to the ISS in the 1st survey during the flooding, while organic suspended solids (OSS) values were greater than those of ISS, indicating a dominance of organic solids. This condition was similar to solid contents in the 3rd survey, but showed a large difference compared to the 4th survey during the growing season. Habitat health assessments, based on 10 metric habitat variables, showed that QHEI values were greatest in the growing season (May) than any other seasons and largest spatial variations occurred in the 2nd survey. Overall, dataset suggest that seasonal episodic flooding during the monsoon may largely contribute nutrient cycling and sediment contents in the Woopo Wetland and Topyung Stream.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.39 no.2 s.116
• /
• pp.187-197
• /
• 2006

A mathematical modeling program called Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) was applied to the Yongdam Watershed to examine its applicability for loading estimates in watershed scale. It was run under BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources) program, and the model was validated using monitoring data of 2002 ${\sim}$ 2003. The model efficiency of runoff was high in comparison between simulated and observed data, while it was relatively low in the water quality parameters. But its reliability and performance were within the expectation considering complexity of the watershed and pollutant sources and land uses intermixed in the watershed. The estimated pollutant load from Yongdam watershed for BOD, T-N and T-P was 1,290,804 kg $yr{-1}$, 3,753,750 kg $yr{-1}$ and 77,404 kg $yr{-1}$,respectively. Non-point source (NPS) contribution was high showing BOD 57.2%, T-N 92.0% and T-P 60.2% of the total annual loading in the study area. The NPS loading during the monsoon rainy season (June to September) was about 55 ${\sim}$ 72% of total NPS loading, and runoff volume was also in a similar rate (69%). However, water quality was not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. Overall, the BASINS/HSPF was applied to the Yongdam watershed successfully without difficulty, and it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and to estimate pollutant loading in watershed scale.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.41 no.2 s.113
• /
• pp.168-187
• /
• 2006

Windy meteorological conditions and dried fire fuels due to higher atmospheric instability and dryness in the lower troposphere can exacerbate fire controls and result in more losses of forest resources and residential properties due to enhanced large wildland fires. Long-term (1979-2005) climatology of the Haines Index reconstructed in this study reveals that spatial patterns and intra-annual variability of the atmospheric instability and dryness in the lower troposphere affect the frequency of wildland fire incidences over the Korean Peninsula. Exponential regression models verify that daily high Haines Index and its monthly frequency has statistically significant correlations with the frequency of the wildland fire occurrences during the fire season (December-April) in South Korea. According to the climatic maps of the Haines Index created by the Geographic Information System (GIS) using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the lowlands below 500m from the mean sea level in the northwestern regions of the Korean Peninsula demonstrates the high frequency of the Haines Index equal to or greater than five in April and May. The annual frequency of the high Haines Index represents an increasing trend across the Korean Peninsula since the mid-1990s, particularly in Gyeongsangbuk-do and along the eastern coastal areas. The composite of synoptic weather maps at 500hPa for extreme events, in which the high Haines Index lasted for several days consecutively, illustrates that the cold low pressure system developed around the Sea of Okhotsk in the extreme event period enhances the pressure gradient and westerly wind speed over the Korean Peninsula. These results demonstrate the need for further consideration of the spatial-temporal characteristics of vertical atmospheric components, such as atmospheric instability and dryness, in the current Korean fire prediction system.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2016

This study was carried out for the improvement of nutrition and quality of streamed bread. For this purpose, brown rice liquid starter and brown rice sourdough were made and steamed bread was made with different amounts of starter addition followed by a measurement of its physicochemical and sensory characteristics. The pH of dough and titratable acidity tended to decrease significantly according to brown rice sourdough. In addition, the titratable acidity of the control group had significant different by samples. As for the volume of dough, there was no significant difference between the control sample and each sample, but after 15 minutes of fermentation, the volume increased the most in the control sample, with sample D having the least volume. As for volume and specific volume of steamed bread, sample B had the largest at 3.34 and each sample had significant differences based on fermentation time. As for diameter, sample B was the largest at 88.11 and sample D was the smallest at 79.04, with significant differences among samples. As for height of steamed bread, the control group was the highest at 42.91 and sample D was the lowest at41.87, with significant differences among samples. As for the cross-section structure of steamed bread, the porous of sample B, which had the largest volume and specific volume, was the largest with uniform texture and even distribution. L value tended to be higher in the added sampleroups than in the control sample. a value increased as brown rice sourdough increased, and b value was lower when volume and specific volume of the steamed bread increased, which showed a similar trend with that a L value. As for hardness, viscosity, and chewing capacity, sample D was the highest and sample B was the lowest, with significant differences among samples. As a result of measurement of overall preference, sample B had the highest preference with the highest preference in flavor, taste, appearance and texture, and D had the lowest preference with the lowest preference in taste, appearance and texture, with significant differences among samples.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.253-264
• /
• 2002

Background : It has been reported that the expression of protein which influences on the cell cycle is significantly involved in the development, progress, treatment response, and survival of cancer, and also that the degree of expression of p27 and CDK4 is related to the prognosis. Recent research has revealed that uteroglobin, tumor suppressor gene, is related to cell cycle. This study is focused on the relations between expression of proteins related to cell cycle and clinical index of and survival of NSCLC. Methods : We examined immunohistochemically specimens of 110 surgically resected NSCLCs for expression of p27, CDK, Uteroglobin. Tissue array slide were obtained from 110 surgically resected NSCLCs. Immunohistochemical staining was performed by immuno-peroxidase technique using avidin-biotinylated horseradish peroxidase complex. Results : In 110 patients with resected NSCLCs, the ratio of male to female was 87:13, the median age was $56.43{\pm}9.41$ yrs. The positive staining of p27 was detected in 75% of the cases. A non-statistically significant trend toward increased p27 expression was observed in smoker and squamous cell cancer. The positive staining of CDK4 was detected in 89%, which was the highest expression of protein among 3 types. The survival ratio of CDK4 negative staining group was higher than that of positive staining group, which was significant diffrernce(P<0.05). There was no association between p27 or uteroglobin expression and survival. Conclusion : The expression degree of CDK4 is related to the prognosis. This findings suggests that the measurement of CDK4 may be useful in identifying patient at high risk for disease recurrence and survival.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.10-20
• /
• 2020

This study aims to analyze the developed characteristics of the knowledge and information of gardens through garden or flowering plant books compiled in the 15th and 19th centuries of Joseon Dynasty. Diachronically analysis of the garden or flowering plant books classified the characteristics in which knowledge and information about gardens are developed by the period, and looked at the factors. The results are as follows; First, the relationship between the authors who compiled the garden or flowering plant books had similar characteristics to the genealogy of Realist School of Confucianism(實學) in the Joseon Dynasty. Kang, Hee-An's practical features influenced later realist school of confucianism scholars. Lee, Su-Gwang has accumulated knowledge of the garden through his experience of traveling the diplomatic envoy to China. Since then, Hong Man-sun's ideology has been related to Charles, a member of the Southerners. Seo Yu-gu was also able to accept Realist School of Confucianism in an integrated way through the Jungnong school's theory and interaction with the Jungsang school. Ryu, Jung-Lim's relationship with the Jungnong school emerged as he added to the 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』. Second, the 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 「Hwuimok(卉木)」, 『Hangjeongrok(閑情錄)』, 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Hwaamsurok(花庵隨錄)』 and 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Yewonji(藝畹志)」 contain garden plant characteristics, cultivation methods, and management methods. The 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Seomyongji(贍用志)」, 「Iunji(怡雲志)」, 「Sangtaekji(相宅志)」 contain details on the location selection of gardens, the layout of facilities, how to create them and materials. The description of these garden or flowering plant books was found to be the most common introduction with 55 percent, followed by methodologies(42.8%), the Lichi Theory(理氣論, 15.5%), the classification(12.4%), and the convention(1.9%). Third, based on the importance of knowledge and information on gardens, the garden or flowering plant books related to the period were classified as early period, including 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 which were compiled before the 17th century. The 18th-century compiled 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 and 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 were classified as middle period, and the 19th-century compilation of 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 was classified as late period. The garden or flowering plant books were cited the contents of ancient Chinese books, the author's experiences and opinions contained in the preceding period in later garden books. And the reinforcement of garden knowledge was made to reflect the agricultural technology and expertise developed at the time of writing. Fourth, based on analysis of the development and acceptance of knowledge information in garden by period, In the early period was dealing with floriculture as a way to explore the logic of things. Later, in the 18th century, a vast influx of garden knowledge information came from China. Among scholars, they secured justification for garden creation as part of various knowledge-seeking activities, which expanded their expertise in gardens. In response to the trend of gardening in the 19th century, professional books were written based on knowledge and information on gardens that were collected in the past, and systems were established such as the collection and management of garden plants, construction methods, enjoying methods, and self-realization.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.197-216
• /
• 2008

Managing a mixture of zoysiagrass with tall fescue has been proposed in transitional zone as a practical practice to combine the advantages of the two species and compensate the limitations. To manage the mixture is a challenge because two species are involved. The objective of this study was to determine if zoysiagrass/tall fescue mixture can be maintained with proper mowing and fertilization under simulated sport traffic at an acceptable quality level. Zoysiagrass was seeded in June and tall fescue was overseeded in August 1996. In November 1996, zoysiagrass coverage was 62.36, 29.88, and 30.02% for 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;N$ rates, respectively. At the same time, zoysiagrass coverage was 23.53, 41.95, and 57.40% for the mowing heights of 6.5, 5.0, and 3.5 cm, respectively. Zoysiagrass and tall fescue coverage in July 1997 was showing the same trend as in the late season of 1996 although the differences were not as big. There were significant interactions between N fertilization rates and mowing heights. In November 1998, the zoysiagrass coverage was different among the two tall fescue variety mixtures, 21.68, and 32.25% in 'Arid' and 'Grasslands Garland', respectively. Zoysiagrass coverage was favored in lower mowing height, lower N rates, and lower traffic. Interaction effects on zoysiagrass were found between tall fescue variety and nitrogen rate, tall fescue variety and mowing height, and traffic and nitrogen rate. Zoysiagrass shoot density was 7.42, 25.47, and 58.95% for mowing heights of 6.5, 5, and 3.5 cm, respectively; and it was 47.27, 20.27, and 26.26% for N rates of 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;$, respectively in 1998. The effects on zoysiagrass shoot density from the interaction of N rate and tall fescue variety was significant in 1998. Shoot density responded to the N rate, mowing height, and traffic differently from the ground coverage, indicating that shoot and leaf growth have different adaptation strategies.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.46
• /
• pp.167-179
• /
• 2006

Division of granites in the Galmal-Yeonbug area, northern Gyeonggi, can be grey hornblende biotite granite (JHBG), biotite granite (JBG) and pink hornblende biotite granite (CHBG) by lithofacies. JHBG of small stock occurs as medium-grained with grey color and minute sphene. JBG occurs as medium-grained and light grey to grey in the north-east part of the area. The main study target CHBG covers in the north-southeast part of the area, and occurs medium-to coarse-grained with pink color. CHBG shows partly minute miaroles, and pegmatitic pocket with druse texture. From the mineral age data (K-Ar method). JHBG and JBG and CHBG are the igneous activity products of Daebo orogeny with different Jurassic and Bulgugsa disturbance of Cretaceous, respectively. And the age data also agree with geologic occurrences and interpretations of the granites in the field. CHBG consists of quartz, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, biotite, hornblende, allanite, apatite, zircon, some calcite and opaques. Among them, alkalifeldspar and calcite occur characteristically in mostly perthitic othoclase and secondary filling of minutely miarolitic cavity, respectively. In modal analysis and QAP diagram, CHBG plots in granite field, and especially boundary of monzo-and syeno-granite fields. From the major oxide variations, molar A/CNK, $SiO_{2}\;vs\;K_{2}O$, AMF and so on, CHBG belongs to the acidic, peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline, and was late differentiation product of single granitic magma. Barium and strontium have also dominantly differentiation trend, and in CaO vs Sr and $K_{2}O$ vs Sr, Sr was more participitated in the fractionation of plagioclase than that of alkali-feldspar. Normalized REE concentrations to chondrite value have parallel and gradual LREE enrichment and HREE depletion patterns, and weak Eu negative anomalies and narrow ranges of normalized Eu can suggest that plagioclase fractionations occurred mildly in the whole CHBG.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.452-457
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of pickled radish wrap supplemented with calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) at different concentrations. With $CaCl_2$ supplementation, initial pH and acidity were 3.8~4.0 and 2.7~3.0% (w/v), respectively. During the 28 day-preservation at $4^{\circ}C$ or $50^{\circ}C$, the initial pH and acidity were maintained. However, when the pickled radish wrap was preserved at $25^{\circ}C$, it had lower pH (by 0.5) and higher acidity (by 1.9~2.2%) when compared with the initial values. The difference in color (${\Delta}E$-value) of the pickled radish wrap preserved at $50^{\circ}C$ was significant (${\Delta}E$-value 23~27), though the hardness of the sample prepared at $4^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$ showed no distinguishable differences at various concentrations of $CaCl_2$ supplementation (0.1, 0.2, 03, 0.4, and 0.5%). However, once preserved at $50^{\circ}C$, it resulted in the greater hardness with the higher concentrations of $CaCl_2$ supplementation. In terms of softness, the overall trend in changes was similar to the hardness. A sensory evaluation using the samples preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28 days demonstrated that the preparation with 0.4% $CaCl_2$ ranked highest in taste, hardness and overall acceptability. It wass suggested that supplementation with 0.4% $CaCl_2$ would be most appropriate to improve the textural properties of pickled radish wrap while maintaining its organoleptic quality.