• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.3.1-3.7
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• 2014

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks ($R^2$=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. Conclusions Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.576-579
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• 1998

Water extract of mulberry tree barks(Morus alba Linne) was studied for its proteolytic activity. Protein content of the extract was 1.12mg/ml and its specific activity was 5.14U/ml. The enzyme was active on various proteins : the relative acitities were 100 for casein, 63 for albumin, 58 for collagen, 45 for hemoglobin and 36 gelatin, respectively. There suggested that the ability of the enzyme to hydrolyze meat was relatively high since those are major meat proteins. Optimum pH and temperature for proteolytic activity were : pH 6.0 and 6$0^{\circ}C$. And the enzyme was stable at the pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 and temperature between 50 and 8$0^{\circ}C$. Apparent proteolytic activities could support some scientific grounds of traditional application of mulberry tree barks to home cooking for meat tenderization.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2019

Pine barks are important biomass resources because they are utilised in the production of pine wood and rosins. However, no chemical study has been conducted on the hydrophilic status of pine barks in Indonesia. This aim of this study is to explore the hydrophilic extracts of the barks from six Pinus species (P. elliotii, P. caribeae, P. oocarpa, P. merkusii P. montezumae, and P. insularis). The hydrophilics of pine barks were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of polyphenol contents in the ethanol extracts obtained from the barks of six Pinus species was determined using the tannin-formaldehyde method, Folin-Cioucalteu assay, and vanillin-HCl assay. The ethanol and hot water soluble extractives derived from inner barks were higher in quantity when compared to those derived from the outer bark samples. The polyphenol measurement showed that the highest value of total phenol content was derived from the outer bark of P. montezumae whereas those of the total phenol and tannin- formaldehyde contents were derived from the inner and outer barks of P. oocarpa. GC-MS analysis revealed that nitrogenous compounds are dominant constituents in the inner and outer barks of the six species, followed by sugars and monophenolics, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Extracts from bark have been studied with a view to producing water-proof wood adhesives. Lately many softwoods, such as radiata pine from New Zealand and larch from Siberia, Russia, have been imported and utilized, and their residual barks would be expecting as potential raw materials for something useful chemicals. The great effort toward utilization of bark extractives as a chemical feedstock has been made on a worldwide level. However few report has been done for the utilization of tree bark extractives in Korea. Hot-water extracts were prepared from barks of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis). Siberian larch(Larix gmelinii) and Radiata pine(Pinus radiata). The effect of various factors, such as particle size, liquor ratio, extraction temperature, and reaction time, on the extractive yields was discussed. Particle sizes affected the hot-water extractives: the finer the particle size, the higher extractives and extract efficiency. Higher temperature and higher liquor ratio were more effective. Extractives from Japanese larch were relatively less than those from Siberian larch and Radiata pine barks. Formaldehyde precipitates was the highest in extractives of Radiata pine barks. It could be concluded that Siberian larch bark was the best raw material for tannin adhesives, because its extractive yield was higher than those of the other barks.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 영동지역의 대표 수종인 소나무와 떡갈나무를 대상으로 주요 부위별 열적특성을 고찰하고자 콘칼로리미터 시험을 수행하여 중량변화, 착화시간, 화염유지시간, 발열량 그리고 CO와 $CO_2$ 배출농도를 비교 분석하였다. 소나무와 떡갈나무 모두 가지의 총중량감소가 가장 크게 나타났으며, 낙엽의 착화시간이 9 s 정도로서 가장 빠르게 나타났다. 낙엽과 수피부위의 화염유지시간은 $640{\sim}1,016s$ 정도였으며, 총방출열량은 낙엽비 생엽의 2배 정도인 60.1 $MJ/m^2$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한, CO 및 $CO_2$의 최대 배출농도는 떡갈나무의 가지부위가 소나무의 가지보다 2.82배 이상 높게 나타남으로써 소나무와 떡갈나무의 열적특성은 부위별로 많은 차이가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2005년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.202.4-202
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• 2005

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2021

자연환경에 대한 국민들의 관심 증가로 스마트폰과 같은 휴대용 기기를 이용한 수목 동정의 자동화에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 최근 딥러닝 기술의 발전에 힘입어, 외국에서는 수목 인식 분야에의 적용이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 수목의 분류를 위해 꽃, 잎 등 다양한 형질들을 대상으로 연구가 진행되고 있지만, 접근성을 비롯한 여러 장점을 가진 수피의 경우 복잡도가 높고 자료가 부족하여 연구가 제한적이었다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서 흔히 관찰 가능한 수목 54종의 사진자료를 약 7,000 여장 수집 및 공개하였고, 이를 해외의 20 수종에 대한 BarkNet 1.0의 자료와 결합하여 학습에 충분한 수의 사진 수를 가지는 53종을 선정하고, 사진들을 7:3의 비율로 나누어 훈련과 평가에 활용하였다. 분류 모델의 경우, 딥러닝 기법의 일종인 합성곱 신경망을 활용하였는데, 가장 널리 쓰이는 VGGNet (Visual Geometry Group Network) 16층, 19층 모델 두 가지를 학습시키고 성능을 비교하였다. 또한 본 모형의 활용성 및 한계점을 확인하기 위하여 학습에 사용하지 않은 수종과 덩굴식물과 같은 방해 요소가 있는 사진들에 대한 모델의 정확도를 확인하였다. 학습 결과 VGG16과 VGG19는 각각 90.41%와 92.62%의 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 더 복잡도가 높은 모델인 VGG19가 조금 더 나은 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. 학습에 활용되지 않은 수목을 동정한 결과 80% 이상의 경우에서 같은 속 또는 같은 과에 속한 수종으로 예측하는 것으로 드러났다. 반면, 이끼, 만경식물, 옹이 등의 방해 요소가 존재할 경우 방해요소가 자치하는 비중에 따라 정확도가 떨어지는 것이 확인되어 실제 현장에서 이를 보완하기 위한 방법들을 제안하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.403-415
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• 2023

This study aimed to isolate and identify L-(+)-lactic acid-producing bacteria from tree barks collected in Thailand and evaluate the potential strain as probiotics. Twelve strains were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genotypically. The strains exhibited a rod-shaped morphology, high-temperature tolerance, and the ability to ferment different sugars into lactic acid. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, all strains were identified as belonging to Weizmannia coagulans. Among the isolated strains, BKMTCR2-2 demonstrated exceptional lactic acid production, with 96.41% optical purity, 2.33 g/l of lactic acid production, 1.44 g/g of lactic acid yield (per gram of glucose consumption), and 0.0049 g/l/h of lactic acid productivity. This strain also displayed a wide range of pH tolerance, suggesting suitability for the human gastrointestinal tract and potential probiotic applications. The whole-genome sequence of BKMTCR2-2 was assembled using a hybridization approach that combined long and short reads. The genomic analysis confirmed its identification as W. coagulans and safety assessments revealed its non-pathogenic attribute compared to type strains and commercial probiotic strains. Furthermore, this strain exhibited resilience to acidic and bile conditions, along with the presence of potential probiotic-related genes and metabolic capabilities. These findings suggest that BKMTCR2-2 holds promise as a safe and effective probiotic strain with significant lactic acid production capabilities.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2018

A circular bark with a 30 cm width was artificially removed from the trunk of a 250-year-old zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) heavily damaged by artificial girdling in Sunchang, Jeonbuk Province in March of 2005. The debarked area was cleaned approximately 10 days after artificial girdling and bark margins with 2 cm width above and below the girdled portion were cut off to promote wound callus formation. Nine pieces of fresh bark (width 8 cm, length 35 cm, thickness 0.5 cm) were then prepared from branches of neighbor zelkova trees broken by heavy snowfalls and pasted onto the girdled portion of the tree, after which a Vaseline dressing was applied to water-proof the area and rubber bars were used to hold the implants to the trunk. Two pieces of the implanted fresh barks were successfully grafted onto the girdled area and the damaged tree has been vigorously growing over 13 years. To our knowledge, this is the first case of successful bark implantation to cure a 250-year-old zelkova tree heavily damaged by artificial girdling. This bark implantation technique will be utilized for the conversation and management of heavily damaged big and old trees in the future.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 2007년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.468-473
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• 2007