• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1999

Noticing the intrinsic growing habit variations of hardwood species which is indigenous to the natural deciduous forest, eighteen tree species in overstory were selected for comparative evaluating tree form so as to develop the tree form index (TFI). Selected six tree form attributes were arbitrarily divided four assessment criteria and given appropriate scores. Eighteen tree species were undergone corresponding scores, converted to percentage base, and estimated TFI by the summation of the six scoring values. Cluster analysis was carried out to review which attribute would have been shared among species based on dissimilarity of scores for each pair of species in $18{\times}6$ data matrix. The result showed that Populus davidiana had the highest TFI value of 80.8 and Carpinus cordata had the lowest TFI va1ue of 46.3. The species which received more than 70 of TFI are Populus davidiana, Betula costata, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, characterized by the advantage of straight and longer bole, the narrower crown, and the thinner branch. On the contrary, such species as Sorbus alnifolia. Prunus sargentii, Acer mandshuricum, Juglans mandshurica, and Carpinus cordata received less than 60 of TFI, characterized by the disadvantage of the crooked or forked stem. the wider or deeper crown. and the thicker branch. In the dendrogram produced by cluster analysis, arbitrary value of Euclidean distance 10 divided eighteen species into four distinctive groups. and the typical characteristics of each group were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 1991

The study was performed to select a adaptable tree species under stressed field conditions where there are a industrial plants operating with a number of smoke stacks emitting pollutants, such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide. As a result of the study, a tree species selected are due to construct a forest belt in a zones near industrial plants to reduce the concentrations of air pollutants. The concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide were very higher at experimental sites near industrial plants (air-pollution sites) than at control site. The leaves of 7 tree species grown at air pollution sites contained more sulfur and, specially, fluorine than at those control site. Among the tested tree species, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. and Euonymus japonica Thunb. grown at air pollution sites did not at all break out a foliar injury but appeared to be healthy, as well as those grown at control site. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom., Pinus virginiana Mill., Larix leptolepis Gordon., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus strobus L., Picea abies Karst and Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc., however, showed a severe fluoride-type foliar injury such as necrosis on tip or margin of leaves, etc. Fluorine found in leaves was proved to be correlated to sulfur found in leaves whereas index of foliar injury hadn't a good correlation to pollutants found in leaves. It appears that Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonica Thunb., Platanus acerifolia Willd, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Sophora japonica L. grown at both experimental sites had a high value of percent survival whereas Pinus virginiana Mill., Pinus koraiensis Sib. et Zucc., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. and Alnus hirsuta Rupr. had an extremely low value of that. In comparison with control site, the percent tree height increments in Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Pinus thunbergii Parl and Euonymus japonica Thunb. and the percent upmost root diameters in Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara and Pinus thunbergii Parl. cultivated at air polluted sites showed very high value above 90%, respectively. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.662) was recognized between the index of foliage injury and the percent collective character, which was the mean of tree characters such as percent survival, percent tree height increment and percent upmost root diameter increment which compared to those at air polluted site with those at control site. Based on the percent collective character Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandlosa T. Lee, Betula platyphyla var. japonica Hara and Platanus occidentalis L. have large value about 90%, respectively. Therefore, the results indicate that this tree species are adaptable species in air polluted regions. For better understanding of the adaptable tree species, furthur studies concerning the effects of various air pollutants on the tree growth are required.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.10-19
• /
• 2016

This study was carried out in the Boin and Miryousef regions in Baneh of Kordestan province, west of Iran. Both areas were divided into two parts including protected and unprotected areas. In each area, 20 $1000-m^2$ circular plots were established following a selective method. Tree and shrub species were identified and the number of these species was counted in each sampling plot. The results indicated that 7 trees, 4 shrubs and 109 herbaceous species were found in the studied areas, 40 herbaceous, 7 tree and 3 shrub species were present in protected area, while unprotected area had 16 herbaceous and 3 tree species. The highest value of diversity indices belonged to protected areas in all vegetation layers. In tree layer, Quercus brantii had the greatest value of SIV, whereas the lowest value belonged to Pistacia atlantica. In shrub layer, the highest and lowest values of SIV belonged to Daphne mezereum and Cerasus microcarpa, respectively. Finally, in herbaceous layer, Luzula spicata had highest value of SIV, and lowest value was belonged to Galium sp.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.1 s.108
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2005

In order to search for ecologically indicative characteristics on the street tree plots in Daegu area, plant communities and their floras were investigated. A total of 105 plots were collected and numerically analyzed by PCoA(Principal Coordinates Analysis). These plots were classified into 4 types containing 139 species, 97 genera, 42 families(including 37 exotic species): urban-dry type, urban-wet type, rural-dry type, rural-wet type. Habitat connectivity to the surrounding vegetation cover, extent and frequency of human impacts, and soil moisture recognizably were the main factors to allow the plots differentiation. Indicative species composition to these four types was generated as Eleusine indica-Eragrostis multicaulis-Oxalis corniculata to the urban-wet, Digitaria ciliaris-Eleusine indica-Eragrostis multicaulis to the urban-dry, Setaria viri-dis-Artemisia-Lactuca indica var. laciniata to the rural-wet, and Setaria viridis-Digitaria ciliaris-Erigeron canadensis to the rural-dry, respectively. Mean species number per plot for rural type was 2.5 times higher than for urban types. Street tree species representative to the rural-wet type is Zelkova serrata, which is a key species of potential natural vegetation in the alluvial land of Daegu area. Street tree plots were characterized by Eleusine indica showing the highest r-NCD value and also C4-assimilation grass plants. Views on the efficacy of the rural-wet type and the reinforcement of vegetation connectivity and soil moisture in rehabilitating street tree plots, are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.38-53
• /
• 1998

This study quantified annual net carbon uptake by urban landscape trees and provided equations to estimate it for Ginkgo biloba, platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum, based on measurement of exchange rate for two years growing seasons from Sep., 1995 to Aug., 1997. The carbon uptake was significantly influenced by photosynthetic capacity, photon flux density and pruning. Ginkgo biloba showed the highest rate of net CO\sub 2\ uptake per unit leaf area and Acer palmatum did the lowest rate among those species. A tree shaded by adjacent building over the growing seasons showed net CO\sub2\ uptake per unit leaf area much lower than another tree of the same species less shaded. Annual net carbon uptake per tree was 19kg for Zelkova serrata, but only 1 kg for Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis with crown volume dwarfed from pruning. One Zekoval serrata tree annually offset carbon emission from consumption of about 32 liter of gasoline or 83 kWh of electricity. Strategies to improve CO\sub 2\ uptake by urban landscape trees include planting of species with high potosynthetic capacity, sunlight-guaranteed road and building layout for street trees, planting of shade-tolerant species in the north of buildings, and relocation of utility lines to underground and minimized pruning.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2021

With continuous decline of Philippine forest cover, sustainable forest management and restoration are essential to restore destroyed forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, of ten most planted trees in reforestation projects in the Philippines, eight are exotic species, with large leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) being the most dominant. In this study, effect of Swietenia macrophylla in reforestation projects on native tree species was evaluated. Effects of S. macrophylla leaf litter, frequency, and canopy closure on the growth of the Philippine native species Pterocarpus indicus were investigated. Results showed that S. macrophylla leaf litter significantly inhibited the growth of P. indicus seedlings based on root collar-to-shoot height. The standardized growth rate of seedlings in plots without S. macrophylla leaf litter was significantly higher than the growth rate of seedlings in plots with leaf litter. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the standardized growth rate of seedlings between plots without leaf litter and a control plot. On the contrary, S. macrophylla tree frequency and canopy closure showed no significant effect. These results attest to the negative effect of widely planted S. macrophylla to a valuable Philippine native tree P. indicus. With accumulating scientific evidence about negative effects of S. macrophylla on native trees, discontinued use in tree planting and reforestation efforts with active management of restoration sites previously planted with large leaf mahogany are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.1129-1136
• /
• 2010

This study investigated the status of planting status of school's flower of 11 elementary schools located in Chung-ju and its results were as follows. Totally 3,502 trees were planted in the 11 schools and the number of species of the trees was 103. For tall tree Thuja orientalis was planted most frequently and for shrub Buxus microphylla was done in the largest number of the schools. In addition, the number of trees planted in a school was averagely two times more in the model schools than in the other ones, and the average number of species of trees was also over three times more in the model schools. When the number of species of trees was examined according to their types, decidous broad leaved tree was found most frequently overall and the model schools had more various species of decidous tree compared to the other ones. Investigation on designation of school's flower and tree with the 11 elementary school, revealed similar results with those of previous studies performed with the schools in other areas and the tendency meant that the designation was uniform to some degree. Moreover, as only a few school's flower and tree were planted or no one was done in some schools, the species of school's flower and tree needed to be determined by considering characteristics and school percepts of a school as well as local features and circumstances of a region. In addition, more efforts should be made to infuse love for school and to improve quality of education by increasing the planting rate of school's flower and tree and by focusing them.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.204-208
• /
• 2013

The ant fauna in Mt. Gariwangsan was composed of 39 species 24 genera 5 subfamilies. The collected ants in Mt. Gariwangsan were Subfamily Myrmicinae(16 species 11 genera), Subfamily Formicinae(15 species 5 genera), Subfamily Ponerinae(6 species 4 genera), Subfamily Amblyoponinae(1 species 1 genera), and Subfamily Dolichoderrinae(1 species 1 genera). Ant fauna by vegetation in Mt. Gariwangsan, 36 species 23 genera were collected in broadleaf tree areas in which Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Tilia amurensis, and Cornus controversa were dominant species. Paratrechina flavipes and Myrmica kotokui were dominant species. 13 species 12 genera were collected only in broadleaf tree areas. In the coniferous tree areas where Pinus densiflora, Pinus korainensis, and Larix kaempferi were dominant, 24 species 15 genera of ants in total were collected. Pachycondyla chinensis and Paratrechina flavipes were dominant species. 4 species 3 genera were collected only in the coniferous tree areas. Paratrechina flavipes was dominant even in the areas in which Camponotus japonicas and Formica japonica had been assumed to be dominant. Specifically, the higher the land was, the rarer Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae were observed. The common species observed in both areas were 20 species 13 genera. Of these ants, Paratrechina flavipes(Subfamily Formicinae) and Myrmica kotokui(Subfamily Myrmicinae) were distinctive ants. With regard to the current state of colony of these species, Paratrechina flavipes was dominant in lowland areas. Myrmica kotokui, on the other hand, was dominant in highland areas.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.126-131
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study were to analyze the species and tree-ring dates of coffin woods excavated at Yerim site in Yesan, Chungnam, Korea. We sampled 12 pieces of woods from two coffins. The species of all coffin woods were identified as red pine group, most likely, $Pinus$ $densiflora$. The last rings of both coffins were dated A.D. 1557 and A.D. 1601, respectively. The tree-ring dates indicated that the coffins were made in the late 16th and early 17th century.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.247-249
• /
• 2007

Crown parameters are important roles in tree species identification, because the canopy is the aggregate of all the crowns. However, crown measurements with spaceborne image data have remained more difficult than on aerial photographs since trees show more structural detail at higher resolutions. This recognized problem led to the initiation of the research to determine if high resolution satellite image data could be used to identify and classify single tree species. In this paper, shape parameters derived from pixel-based crown area measurements and texture features derived from GLCM parameters in QuickBird image were tested and compared for individual tree species identification. As expected, initial studies have shown that the crown parameters and the canopy texture parameters provided a differentiating method between coniferous trees and broad-leaved trees within the compartment(less than forest stand) for single extraction from spaceborne high resolution image.