• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.337-344
• /
• 1998

To select tolerant species among the Korean major woody plants for restoring disturbed ecosystems by air and soil pollution, we transplanted the seedlings of 56 species in control and polluted sites within Yeocheon industrial complex area, and compared their aboveground growth characteristics such as total branch length, total leaf weight, and maximum photozynthetic rate. Tolerant species growting better in polluted site than in control site was Quercus variabilis, Pinus thunbergii, Q. aliena, P. densiflora, Styrax japonica, Alnus firma, Celtis sinensis, Elaeagnus umbellata, Q. serrata, japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, and Q. acutissimia in local tree occuring within polluted area group (80%), Ailanthus altissima in street tree group (20%), Populus tomentiglandulosa and A. hirsuta var. sibirica in fast growing tree group (50%), Acer ginala and Abies holophylla in late successional tree group (20%), Betulla platyphylla var. japonica, Acer truncatum, A. palmatum, Syringa dilatata, and Rosa multifora in garden tree group (38%), and Q. rubura, and Robinia pseudoacacia in foreign restoring tree group (20%), respectively. The remaining plant species, 37 species (57% of total species), were classified into sensitive species to pollution. Those tolerant species can be utilized for restoration of the degraded ecosystem in this polluted area.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.210-226
• /
• 2024

Old-growth mixed-conifer forests in Bhutan are characterized by remarkable tree species compositional heterogeneity. However, our knowledge of tree species assemblages and their structural attributes in these forests has been limited. Therefore, forest classification has been reliant on a single dominant species. This study aimed to distinguish tree species assemblages in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in Western Bhutan and to describe their natural compositional and stand structural characteristics. Furthermore, the regeneration status of species was investigated and the quantity and quality of accumulated coarse woody debris were assessed. Ninety simple random sampling plots were surveyed in the study site between 3,000 and 3,600 meters above sea level. Tree, standing deadwood, regeneration, and coarse woody debris data were collected. Seven tree species assemblages were distinguished by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Indicator Species Analysis, representing five previously undescribed tree species associations with unique set of consistent species. Principal Component Analysis revealed two transitional pathways of species dominance along an altitudinal gradient, highly determined by relative topographic position. The level of stand stratification varied within a very wide range, corresponding to physiognomic composition. Rotated-sigmoid and negative exponential diameter distributions were formed by overstorey species with modal, and understorey species with negative exponential distribution. Overstorey dominant species showed extreme nurse log dependence during regeneration, which supports the formation of their modal distribution by an early natural selection process. This allows the coexistence of overstorey and understorey dominant species, increasing the sensitivity of these primary ecosystems to forest management.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 1998

Lately public interest in tree saps of maple and birch trees has been increased for sap drink as a natural medical beverage. To ensure tree sap drink for commercial production, species which are available in resources, their ecological regeneration characteristics in the natural forest stand, and tree sap resources should be investigated. Species for the collecting tree saps and their distribution were surveyed in the areas of Mt.Sobaek, Tanyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. Mt.Sobaek area was selected to the proper place to survey as the feasible area for tapping tree saps for the natural beverage. Feasible tree species of this area are Betula costata, Betula schmidtii, Comus controversa, Acer mono, and Acer pseudosieboldianum based on the estimated tree sap amounts. Average and maximum species diversities of surveyed area were 4.2 and 5.39, respectively. Its evenness 0.78 referred that there are actively progressing ecological regeneration among diverse tree species. Tree saps are mainly harvested at the areas of upper and lower Wonmanteo. In terms of species, the most high sap amounts were from birch sap, next Comus controversa, the 3rd Acer mono. Many measures were suggested ecologically and technically, for commercial or practical production of tree sap drinks, though Mt.Sobaek area was evaluated as improper place because of geographical and transportational limitation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.157-164
• /
• 2013

The campus of Chittagong University in Bangladesh is rich in forest ecosystem. The campus has large area with vast tract of land planted with valuable timber tree species. The present study identifies and discovers the potential growing stock of the plantations in the campus area. This Growing stock was measured in three parameters viz. volume, biomass and organic carbon stock. Study identified thirty three economically valuable forest tree species in the plantations of Chittagong University. Out of three growing stock parameters, volume of timber was found to be low in indigenous tree species in the plantation sites other than exotic species. This might be due to their slow growth rate and low density in the plantation sites. However, biomass and organic carbon stock of trees per hactre area showed that indigenous species gather and sequester more timber and carbon respectively than introduced species. Plantations of Chittagong University campus can acquire $25.51m^3/ha$ volume of economically important tree species, where biomass and organic carbon stock is 222.33 tonne/ha and 107.48 tonne/ha respectively. This result shows a positive impression on the plantation site to be considered as good forest reserve.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.14-24
• /
• 2021

A plant community is a group of populations that coexist in space and interact directly or indirectly with the environment. In this paper, we determined the pattern of tree species composition in response to soil variables in Khadimnagar National Park (KNP), which is one of the least studied tropical forests in Bangladesh. Soil and vegetation data were collected from 71 sample plots. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) with associated Monte Carlo permutation tests (499 permutations) was carried out to determine the most significant soil variable and to explore the relationship between tree species distribution and soil variables. Soil pH and clay content (pH with p<0.01 and Clay content with p<0.05) were the most significant variables that influence the overall tree species distribution in KNP. Soil pH is related to the distribution and abundance of Syzygium grande and Magnolia champaca, which were mostly found and dominant species in KNP. Some species were correlated with clay content such as Artocarpus chaplasha and Cassia siamea. These observations suggest that both the physico-chemical properties of soil play a major role in shaping the tree distribution in KNP. Hence, these soil properties should take into account for any tree conservation strategy in this forest.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2019

Species diversity is one of the most important indices that used to evaluate the sustainability of forest communities. In the present study, three variables including number of individuals (frequency of species), basal area and volume of tree species were compared to estimate tree species diversity in broadleaves forests of Iran. Based on systematic random design, 30 plots (circle plot, $1000m^2$) was selected. Type of species, number of species, DBH and height of trees were measured. Simpson (1-D), Hill ($N_2$), Shannon-Wiener (H'), Mc Arthur ($N_1$), Smith-Wilson ($E_{var}$) and Margalef ($R_1$) indices used to estimate tree species diversity. Species diversity was calculated in each plot. ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between of three variables used for estimation of species diversity. Number of trees variable has more precision than basal area and volume variables to estimate of species diversity. But Duncan test revealed that there were significant difference between of basal area and volume variables with number of trees. Therefore, basal area and volume variables were selected as more suitable variables in order to estimate of biodiversity indices in northern forests of Iran.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.395-410
• /
• 1992

Disturbance regime and tree regeneration were studied in kwangnung natural forest, an old-growth deciduous hardwood forest located in central korea. This forest is dominated by carpinus laxiflora, c.erosa, and quercus species. The area occupied by canopy gaps was 4.6% of the total forested area, and the mean size of canopy gaps was 92 $m^2$ with the maximum being 524 $m^2$. More than half of the gaps were less than four years old, and 3/4 of the gaps were created by death of only or two canopy trees, indicating the dominance of small-sized gaps in kwangnung forest. about half of the gap-makers were c. laxiflora, and another one third were quercus species. In contrast, the most frequent relacers were c. laxiflora while quercus species filled only 5% of the gaps, suggesting a future shift in tree species composition under the current disturbance regime. tree regeration was more conspicuous even in small gaps than non-gaps regardless of shade-tolerance of tree species, indicating the importance of gaps in tree regeneration.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.56-62
• /
• 2012

There is little information about appropriate greenspace structures to satisfy aesthetic function in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze Korean's aesthetic preferences for greenspace structures concerned with urban tree plantings of an areal type to explore desirable greenspace landscapes. The study considered 5 structural variables of greenspace which were species composition, tree density, tree size, vertical and horizontal structure, and tree layout pattern. A photo-questionnaire was prepared through color simulations of different landscape types for each structural variable. Preference responses of an interval-scale rating from 214 respondents were statistically analyzed between landscape types and between respondent groups. Respondents preferred greenspace landscapes with diverse tree species to single species, higher tree density to lower density, larger trees to many smaller trees, multilayered and grouped plantings to single-layered and sparse plantings, and informal pattern to formal pattern. These preferences tended to be relatively higher for educated specialist and student groups than for other generalist group. Thus, multilayered and dense plantings in natural pattern including larger trees of diverse species, which are similar to ecological plantings, are recommended to increase aesthetic function of greenspace.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate climax index by eco-morphology for major 36 tree and sub-tree species in natural deciduous forests so as to interpret seral position of each species in the forest community. Fourteen eco-morphological characters which were considered to be associated with successional gradient in the forest were selected for the study. Four levels per character for each species were given on a standardized scale of increasing climax, and the index was computed by the proportion of the sum of total scores, expressed by percent values. With calculated mean value of 54.8 for all indices, Carpinus cordata had the highest index value of 90.5, and Populus davidiana recorded the lowest of 13.2. The most climax group, greater than 70 of the index, contained only 8 species, intermediate group, between 41 to 70 of the index, had 23 species, and the most pioneer group, less than 40 of the index comprised 5 species. The result has noticed that the large number of species would take advantage of most diverse resource and niche in the intermediate stage of the sere in the forest. By cluster analysis all 36 species were subjected to be classified into several species groups which had common similar eco-morphological characteristics. The indices were additionally plotted on the two dimensional graph to recognize the positions related to the light absorption factor and reproduction factor. The climax index of tree and sub-tree species developed by this study could be applied to understand the present status of successional stage on the basis of species composition by the method of summing up the indices. And comparison of forest successional stage among various forest communities could be done by summing up the climax indices of composed species in each community. However, this kind of applied methodology should be limited to the forest of similar species composition and site condition.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.555-561
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the suitable place for growth by analyzing the ecological environment of multi-use tree species to be spontaneous in Chungbuk Province, and derive the suitable place for forestation. At the test of the independence of multi-use tree species, as the significant correlation of the other tree species except Quercus acutissima - Zanthoxylum schinifolium was different by the survey location, it is concluded that the share relation of the ecological niche among tree species is largely influenced not only by the affinity of tree species but the growth environment. As the result of the correlation analysis between environment factors and tree clusters, it was analyzed that tree clusters were much influenced by the topography and the altitude among the variable environment factors; the topography, altitude, the direction of hillside, the slope and the number of tree species appearing. It was investigated that the cluster of Acer mono - Betula costata was distributed to the valley from low hillside to have high altitude, and the clusters of Kalopanax pictus - Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Rhus trichocarpa were sporadically distributed to broad location because their geographical adaptation powers are high.