• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a 12 weeks aged garlic extract (AGE) regimen with regular exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in postmenopausal women. A total of 30 postmenopausal women ($54.4{\pm}5.4$ years) were randomly divided into the following four groups: Placebo (Placebo; n = 6), AGE intake (AGEI; n = 8), exercise and placebo (Ex + Placebo; n = 8), exercise and AGE (Ex + AGE; n = 8) groups. The AGE group consume 80 mg per day, and exercise groups performed moderate exercise (aerobic and resistance) three times per week. After 12 weeks of treatment, body composition, lipid profile, and CVD risk factors were analyzed. Body weight was significantly decreased in AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups compared to baseline. Body fat % was significantly decreased in the AGEI and Ex + Placebo groups. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups. Fat-free mass was significantly decreased in the AGEI group. Total cholesterol (TC) was significantly lower in the Ex + Placebo compared to the Placebo group. AGE supplementation or exercise effectively reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Triglyceride (TG) was significantly increased in the AGEI group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE compared to the placebo group. AGE supplementation reduced homocysteine levels regardless of whether the women also exercised. The present results suggest that AGE supplementation reduces cardiovascular risk factors independently of exercise in postmenopausal women.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.165-178
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• 1979

Phages of Lactobaciilus casei (PLC) isolated from plant drainage were classified and characterized. The results are as follows : 1. On the basis of host range pattern, phages could be divided into 2 groups (PLC-B and PLC-C). PLC-B group phages could be further divided into 5 sub-groups $(B_1, \;B_2, \;B_3, \;B_4, \;and\;B_5)$. Although PLC-C group phages had the same host range, they could be also divided into 2 sub-groups $(C_1\;and\;C_2)$ by morphlogical type. 2. It was $B_3$ group phages that represented a major proportion (44.4%) of phages tested. However, $B_1$ group phages were shown to have the widest host range. 3. Electron micrographs revealed that the phages fell into three different morphological types. $(B_1, \;B_2, \;and\;B_3)$ group phages hd a hexagonal head (52nm in diameter) and a sheathless noncontractile (245 nm in length). $B_4\;and\;C_2$ group phages had a hexagonal head (56 nm) and a short flexible tail (169nm) having no sheath. $B_5\;and\;C_1$ group phages were shown to have a hexagonal head (81 nm) and a contractile tail (140 nm) having a sheath, a base plate and tail fibers. 4. The inactivation of the phages by antisera indicated that serological relationships correlated completely with morphological types. 5. $B_1, \;C_1\;and\;C_2$ group phages produced a large (1, 2 mm in diameter) plaque with a clear ring. The morphology of plaques of $B_3\;and\;B_5$ group phages was the same as those produced by the above, but the average plaque sizes for $B_3\;and\;B_5$ were 0.8 mm abd 0.5 mm, respectively. $B_2\;and\;B_4$ group phages produced a small (0.5 mm) turbid plaque with an irregular edge. 6. The latent period and the average burst size of $B_1\;and\;B_3$ group phages were 90 min and 100, respectively. These phages reuqired calcium ions for their miltiplication. 7. $B_3$ group phages could not be absrobed to R-variant $KC_1$. 8. The order of resistance of phages to heat was $B_2\;>\;B_1, B_4\;and\;B_5\;>\;B_3\;and\;C_2, \;B_5$ group phages were more stable than $B_3$ in various pH values. $C_2$ group phages were more sensitive to UV irradiation than $B_1\;and\;B_3$ group phages. 9. Strains YIT9018 and IAM 1043 were induced by mitomycin C treatment. Phage particles detected in the lysates had a hexagonal head (38 and 49 nm, respectively), but no tail. Any sensitive indicator strain could not be isolated in spite of repaeated trials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.193-213
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible contribution of nonspecific esterases, which occur in the oral cavity, to the degradation of ester bonds in polymethacrylates. One of the problems connected with the use of composite resins for restorations is their inadequate resistance to wear. It has been shown that methacrylate hydrolysis can be catalyzed by enzymes and that a carboxylic hydrolase (porcine liver esterase) catalyzed the hydrolysis of several mono - and dimethacrylates. The softening effect on a BISGMA/TEGDMA polymer induced by hydrolase will accelerate the in vivo wear of the polymer. Porcine liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) 3.2 mol/L $(NH_4)_2$ $SO_4$ was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company. The esterase activity of one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme capable of hydrolyzing $l{\mu}mol$ ethyl butyrate per min at pH 8.0 AT $25^{\circ}C$. Phosphate buffer, 10mmol/L, pH 7.0, was made by adjustment of a solution of $Na_2HPO_4$ with $H_3PO_4$. Composite resins used in this study are Silux Plus, Z-100, Durafil VS, and Prisma APH. Cylindrical specimens, 14mm in diameter and 3mm thick, of Silux Plus, Z-100, Durafil VS, Prisma APH were polymerized under the celluloid strip. 60 specimens were divided into 2 groups. One group was emersed only in buffer solution, the other group was emersed in buffer and enzyme solution. Silux Plus and Z-100 were divided into 2 subgroups, one subgroup was cured only Visilux 2. And the other subgroup was cured Visilux 2 and Triaid II. Thereafter, specimens were polished to its best achievable surface according to manufacture's directions. The Vickers hardness of the specimens was measured after 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 50 days. The solutions were changed after each measurement. Composite resin surfaces were evaluated for the surface roughness with profilometer (${\alpha}$-step 200, Tencor instruments, USA) after 1 and 50 days. And then surfaces of specimens were pictured with stereosopy after 1 and 50 days. The results were as follows. 1. The surface hardness of Silux plus, durafil VS, and Prisma APH were decreased with time. But, the surface hardness of Z-100 was not decreased. 2. The surface hardness of all composite resins was decreased by esterase. 3. Composite resins, which were light-cured by Visilux 2 and concomitantly baked by oven, showed more hardened surface than light-cured by Visilux 2 only. 4. Significant surface changes were occured in Silux plus after esterase treatment.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2008

Dental implant system is composed of abutment, abutment screw and implant fixture connected with screw. The problems of loosening/tightening and stability of abutment screw depend on surface characteristics, like a surface roughness, coating materials and friction resistance and so on. For this reason, surface treatment of abutment screw has been remained research problem in prosthodontics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of TiN and WC coated dental abutment screw, abutment screw was used, respectively, for experiment. For improving the surface characteristics, TiN and WC film coating was carried out on the abutment screw using EB-PVD and sputtering, respectively. In order to observe the coating surface of abutment screw, surfaces of specimens were characterized, using field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(EDS). The stability of TiN and WC coated abutment screw was evaluated by potentiodynamic, and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization method in 0.9% NaCl solution at $36.5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The corrosion potential of TiN coated specimen was higher than those of WC coated and non-coated abutment screw. Whereas, corrosion current density of TiN coated screws was lower than those of WC coated and non-coated abutment screw. The stability of screw decreased as following order; TiN coating, WC coating and non-coated screw. The pitting potentials of TiN and WC coated specimens were higher than that of non-coated abutment screw, but repassivation potential of WC coated specimen was lower than those of TiN coated and non-coated abutment screws due to breakdown of coated film. The degree of local ion dissolution on the surface increased in the order of TiN coated, non-coated and WC coated screws.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.694-702
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• 2014

마이크론 크기를 가지는 ITO(indium tin oxide) 입자들은 인듐과 틴의 수용성 전구체들과 유기 첨가제를 분무 열분해하여 얻었다. 유기 첨가제로서는 에틸렌글리콜과 시트르산을 이용하였다. 분무 열분해 시 에틸렌글리콜과 시트르산과 같은 유기첨가제를 첨가하지 않고 얻어진 ITO 입자들은 구형이며 속이 꽉찬 형태를 가지는데 비해 유기 첨가제를 첨가하여 분무 열분해를 하면 얻어지는 ITO 입자들은 유기 첨가제의 양이 증가 할수록 껍질이 얇고 다공성이 증대된 중공 입자가 얻어진다. 유기첨가제를 첨가하지 않고 분무 열분해를 통해 얻어지는 마이크론 크기를 가지는 ITO는 $700^{\circ}C$에서 두 시간 동안의 후소성과 24 시간동안의 습식 볼밀링에 의해 나노 크기의 ITO로 전환되지 않으나, 유기첨가제를 첨가하고 분무 열분해를 통해 얻어지는 마이크론 크기를 가지는 ITO는 $700^{\circ}C$에서 두 시간 동안의 후소성과 24 시간 동안의 습식 볼밀링에 의해 나노 크기의 ITO로 쉽게 전환되었다. 응집된 나노 크기의 ITO의 일차 입자의 크기를 Debye-Scherrer 식에 의해 계산하였고 ITO 입자를 압축하여 만든 펠렛의 표면저항을 측정하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.628-640
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• 2004

Statement of problem. Wear as a result of repeated closing/opening cycles may decrease the friction coefficient of screw head, threads, and other mating components and, consequently, resistance to opening gradually decreases. It may cause screw loosening, which is one of the most common failures in implant prosthesis. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes on the head and thread surface of the abutment screws after repeated closing and opening through the examination of tested screws in SEM(scanning electron microscope). Materials and methods. Five species of abutments were selected (3i-three, Avana-two) respectively by two pieces. The implant fixtures were perpendicularly mounted in liquid unsaturated polyesther(Epovia, Cray Valley Inc.) with dental surveyor. Each abutment was secured to the implant fixture by each abutment screw with recommended torque value using a digital torque controller. The abutment screws were repeatedly tightened and removed 20 times with a digital controller. FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscope, Netherland, Phillips co., model:XL 30 SFEG) was used to observe changes of each part caused by repeatedly closing/opening expeiment. First, the Photomicrographs of pre-test screws provided by each manufacturer were taken. The changes of each screw were investigated after every fifth closing and opening experiment with FESEM. Scaning electron microscope photomicrographs of each screw were taken four times. Results. As the number of closing and opening was increased, the wear or distortion of hexed or squared slot that contacted with the driver tip was more severely progressed. Wear or distortion of hexed slot was more severe than that of squared slot and it was more remarkable in the titanium screw than in the gold screw. All the tested screws showed that the width in the crest of their screw thread decreased gradually as the test was proceeded. Conclusions. Conclusively, we recommend the clinical use of gold screw, a periodic exchanges of abutment screws and avoiding repeated closing/opening unnecessarily. We also suggest a more careful manipulation of the abutment screw and screw-driver and using of abutment screw with an acute-angled slot design rather than an obtuse-angled one. Finally, it is suggested that the new slot design and the surface treatment for enduring wear or distortion should be devised.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.271-281
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• 1999

The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to determine the sequences of reverse transcriptase (RT) codons 41, 67, 70, 210, 215 and 219 of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) pol gene. Template DNA was obtained from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 27 Korean HIV-1 infected patients treated with ZDV and Korean red ginseng. The second PCRs were done for 2 separated regions (RT codons $13{\sim}98$ and $152{\sim}259$) with $5\;{\mu}l$ of the first PCR productNucleotide sequences were determined by direct sequencing. In the 27 patients, CD4+ cell count decreased from $230{\pm}117/{\mu}l$ to $152{\pm}162/{\mu}l$ for $46{\pm}26$ months (Mo), and actual duration of ZDV intake was $72{\pm}16$ Mo. In the 16 patients who had been treated with ZDV therapy ${\ge}25$ Mo, the incidences of 70R, 215F/Y, and 41L were 61%, 28% and 22%, respectively and those of 67N, 210W and 219Q were 17%. The incidences of 215F/Y were 6.7% for group ${\le}12$ Mo treatment, 22.7% for group with 13 to 24 Mo, and 27.8% for group ${\ge}25$ Mo. There was no mutation in 9 patients. It might be associated with the interruption of ZDV therapy for more than 6 months in 6 patients. This study shows that the detection of mutation could be useful prognostic marker with other clinical and virological data, and very low mutation rate is dectected compared to overseas reports.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2007

유전자변형 작물의 상업화를 위해서는 유전자변형 작물이 식품으로서의 안전성과 환경에 미치는 영향에 관한 평가가 이루어져야한다. 이를 위해 개발자는 유전자변형 작물의 방출이전에 유전자변형 작물 개발에 관한 정보를 제출해야만 한다. 본 연구는 유전자변형 작물의 환경 위해성 평가를 위한 분자생물학적 자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 아그로 박테리움 형질전환법을 통하여 해충저항성 CryIAc 유전자가 도입된 배추 형질전환체를 획득한 후, 분자생물학적인 분석을 통하여 유전자의 copy수, 안정성, 식물체내에서의 발현을 확인하였고, T-DNA의 배추게놈내의 인접서열을 분석하였다. T-DNA의 게놈내 삽입 인접서열을 바탕으로 유전자변형 배추를 동정할 수 있는 프라이머를 제작하였고, 이를 이용한 검정방법을 수립하였다. 계통 특이 프라이머를 이용한 해충저항성 배추 후대의 PCR 분석결과와 제초체 처리결과가 서로 일치하였다. 본 연구 결과로 환경위해성 평가를 위한 해충저항성 배추의 분자생물학적인 자료를 획득하였으며, 개발된 프라이머는 해충저항성 배추의 검출을 위하여 유용하게 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.285-293
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• 1990

제초제(除草劑)에 내성(耐性) 또는 저항성(抵抗性)을 지닌 수도(水稻) 카루스를 선발(選拔)하기 위하여 유묘기(幼苗期)에 제초제(除草劑)에 반응(反應)을 달리하는 품종(品種)을 대상으로 카루스의 생장(生長) 반응(反應)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 카루스 유도시(誘導時)에 thiobencarb에 감수성(感受性)을 보였던 IR28의 카루스 생장(生長)은 thiobencarb $10^{-5}$ M 및 $10^{-6}$ M에서도 억제(抑制) 되지 않아 특정(特定) 제초제(除草劑)에 대한 수도(水稻) 품종(品種)의 반응(反應)은 카루스의 유도기(誘導期) 및 생장기(生長期), 성식물체(成植物體)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있음을 나타내었다. Butachlor에 대한 IR31917-45-3-2-2의 반응(反應)도 IR28과 유사(類似)한 결과(結果)를 보였다. Thiobencarb에 내성(耐性)을 지닌 카루스를 선발(選拔)키 위하여 IR28의 카루스를 thiobencarb $10^{-6}$ M에 30일간(日間) 처리(處理)한 후(後) 고농도(高濃度)인 $10^{-5}$ M에 옮겨 치상(置床)시킨 결과(結果) 카루스의 생체중(生體重)은 전혀 억제(抑制) 되지 않아서 제초제(除草劑) 내성세포(耐性細胞)를 선발(選拔)키 위해서는 제초제(除草劑)의 농도(濃度)를 점진적(漸進的)으로 높이는 것이 유용(有用)한 선발방법(選拔方法)이 될 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2009

양식 어류의 항생제 투여의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 한 약재 추출물을 기질로 한 유산균 배양액을 양식 넙치와 돌돔의 사료에 첨가하여 성장, 혈액학적 분석, 식세포 활성, lysozyme 활성 및 어류질병세균에 대한 공격실험을 실시하였다. 성장의 결과 넙치는 실험구와 대조구강의 유의성을 보이지 않았으며, 돌돔의 경우 대조구에 비해 실험구가 약 20 g 높은 어체중 증가를 보였다. 넙치의 사료효율은 실행구가 대조구에 비해 약 25% 높았으며, 돌돔은 사료효율은 두 그룹 간에 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 어류의 혈액학적 분석 결과, GOT와 GPT는 8주 이후에 감소현상을 보였으나 glucose와 total protein은 두 그룹 간에 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 식세포 활성 또한 유의적인 차이가 없었다. lysozyme 활성은 넙치의 경우 8주부터 실험구가 대조구보다 높은 활성을 보였으며, 돌돔은 실험 12주에 대조구보다 약 3배 높은 활성을 보였다. 어류 질병 유발세균에 대한 공격실험은 넙치의 복강에 V. anguillarum을 투여하였을 시, 실험구가 대조구에 비해 18%, S. iniae을 투여하였을 시, 실험구가 23% 높은 생존율을 보였다. 돌돔의 경우, V. anguillarum의 투여경과 대조구의 비해 17%, S. iniae의 투여경과 대조구의 비해 16% 높은 생존율을 나타냈다.