• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find the effect of foot bath on blood pressure(BP) following treadmill exercise. Methode : Subject of study were forty healthy males without any cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurologic diseases. Following twenty minutes walking at a speed of 5m/s on the treadmill, ten twenty subjects in experimental group received foot bath, on the dominant lower limb while sitting in chair. Foot bath was applied to the level of the lateral and medial malleoli keeping the temperature of the paraffin bath at $40{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. Twenty subjects in control group took a rest sitting in chair in a comfortable position. BP was measured in right brachial artery. BP was measured five times(before exercise, immediately after exercise, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and fifteen minutes after exercise). Results : The study showed that for diastolic blood pressure, there was no significant difference between the experimental and the control group. However, systolic blood pressure(SBP) increased significantly after exercise compared with SBP before exercise (p<.05). In addition, SBP in five minutes after exercise decreased significantly compared with SBP in immediately after exercise (p<.05). On the other hand, the control group had significant difference between SBP measured before exercise and SBP measured at the other measure time (p<.05). In five minutes after exercise, SBP in experimental group had significant difference with SBP in control group (p<.05). Similarly, in ten and fifteen minutes after exercise, SBP in experimental group had significantly difference with SBP in control group (p<.05). Conclusion : Consequently it was confirmed that when foot bath was applied, the increased BP induced by the exercise returned to normal range rapidly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.743-752
• /
• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to combine the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP) on exercise capacity/tolerance and general health status of COPD patients based on the primary research results examined the effects of PRP, Method: Seventeen studies were selected by the sampling criteria established to include the studies that reported enough statistics necessary to conduct meta-analysis. Result: According to the study results, the most effective indicators for exercise capacity/tolerance were exercise time (such as cycling time or treadmill walking time) and ground walking distance within given time (6 minutes or 12 minutes), whereas effects on such indicators as VE and VO$_2$ were not statistically significant. PRP induced significant effect on patients' general health status, frequently measured by physical, psycho-emotional, and holistic indicators, the enhancement on psycho-emotional dimension resulted from PRP was more prominent than those of the other dimensions. From the results, it was noted that the place where PRP was given and the contents of PRP exercised their influence on the outcome variables. Which body part was trained was also one of the important factors that influence on the patients' perception of dyspnea during exercise as well as on exercise capacity/tolerance. Conclusion: PRP including exercise training significantly improved the exercise capacity and general health status of COPD patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of mild-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on the recovery of the motor function over time in sciatic nerve crush injury rats. METHODS: The MIE group ran on a treadmill at a speed of 8.3 m/min to perform low-intensity training with maximum oxygen uptakes ranging from 40 to 50%. The HIIE group ran on the treadmill at a speed of 25 m/min to perform high-intensity training with a maximum oxygen uptake of 80%. The interval training was performed based on a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio. The effects of each form of exercise on the rats' walking abilities following their recovery from the peripheral nerve injuries were evaluated based on the results of behavior tests performed at one and 14 days. RESULTS: According to the test results, the MIE group showed significant improvements in the rats' ankle angle in the initial stance phase, and in the ankle and knee angles in the toe-off phase (p<.05). The HIIE group exhibited significant improvements in the ankle and knee angles in the initial stance phase, SFI(p<.05). CONCLUSION: The state of such patients can be improved by applying the results of this study in that MIE and HIIE on a treadmill can contribute to the recovery of the peripheral nerve and motor skill. In particular, MIE is used as a walking functional training in the toe-off stance phase, while HIIE is suitable in the initial stance stage.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.224-231
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this case study was to investigate three poor fibrinolytic responders with chronic ischemic stroke to acute exercise intensity and time. Methods: Three ischemic stroke patients (male) from the stroke center located at Busan metropolitan area in Republic of Korea volunteered at this study. They performed two single session exercises that were a VO2peak test and a single bout treadmill walking (70-75%HRpeak, 30 min, 50min). Fasting blood samples for determination of tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were obtained before, immediately after, 30min after acute exercise. SPSS 12.0 was used for analyzing of data and computing mean and standard deviation, and change rate was conducted between times. Results: In fibrinolytic activity according to the intensity and time of acute exercise, tPA change increased steadily during the recovery stage after the VO2peak in the cases, but PAI-1 activity showed different patterns among the cases. In a single bout treadmill walking (70-75%HRpeak, 30 min, 50min), tPA change increased between 30min and 50min. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results suggest that the exercise prescription for poor fibrinolytic responder with three male chronic ischemic stroke patients without motor disability recommend at 70-75%HRpeak, over 30min.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a pre-exercise meal on the plasma human growth hormone (hGH) response and fat oxidation during walking. Subjects (n=8) were randomly provided with either 1 g/kg body weight of glucose in 200 mL water (CHO) or 200 mL water alone (CON) 30 min prior to exercise and subsequently walked on a treadmill at 50% of VO2max for 60 min. Plasma hGH concentrations were significantly higher in subjects who received CHO compared to those who received CON at 15 and 30 min. The fat oxidation rate in the CHO was significantly lower than the CON while walking for 5~15, 25~35 and 45~55 min. Plasma FFA levels were also significantly lower in the CHO compared to the CON at 30, 45 and 60 min. Plasma glucose levels in the CHO were significantly lower while plasma insulin levels were significantly higher than in the CON at 15 and 30 min. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the elevation of plasma hGH levels due to the intake of a pre-exercise meal may not be strongly related to fat oxidation and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels during low-intensity exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.440-454
• /
• 2014

This study examined the wearing effect of 3D compression suits on quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) during walking and rest. Ten males in their 20s wore three types of experimental clothing, a loose-fit wear (BS), a 3D compression suit (3D CS), and a power film welded on CS (3D WCS); in addition, EEG signals were measured during resting, walking, after walking, and after sit-ups. The results showed that a higher pressure (due to 3D CS and 3D WCS) increased the 'Concentration' level and the 'Cognitive load' of brain waves during treadmill walking due to a higher cortex activity level when walking. Differentiation was shown between two compression suits and BS was enhanced during walking on a treadmill; however, the brain waves of 'Relaxation' between two compression suits were significantly different after walking, i.e., 'Relaxation' level of 3D WCS was the highest. Rigorous exercise such as sit-ups was inefficient to distinguish the effect of compression suits on EEG. Participants perceived a higher pressure due to compression suits; however, the wear comfort of two compression suits was maintained. Two compression suits were rated as supportive and helpful during walking. Various EEG parameters such as the indices of 'Relaxation', 'Concentration' and 'Cognitive load' were effective to observe the effect of 3D compression suits on wearers' brain waves during and after walking.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1970

Studies on the analysis of walking were performed on 33 male subjects. A prescription of physical exercise (walking at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr for more than one hour daily) for the promotion of individual health is presented on the basis of walking analysis. Presumptions were made that adequate physical exercise does promote health and is beneficial for the healthy life and increases the life span. These presumptions were derived from the numerous experimental literatures. The literatures support indirectly the presumptions. The following results were obtained and prescription of physical exercise is presented. 1. Oxygen uptake in a walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hr was only 3 times of the resting oxygen uptake. This kind of moderate exercise did not stimulate the cardiopulmonary system adequately. Heart rate at a 4 km/hr walking was 101 beats/min in boys of less than 20 years old and 83 beats/min in adults. Oxygen uptake at a 6 km/hr walking exceeded 4 times of the resting oxygen uptake. It was interpreted that walking at 6 km/hr stimulated the cardiopulmonary system for the promotion of health. Heart rate at this speed was greater than 110 beats/min in boys and greater than 100 beats/min in adults. 2. Heart rates in a walking of 10 km/hr were 172 beats/min in boys, and 143 beats/min in adults, respectively. Maximal heart rates were 185 beats/min in boys, 180 in office clerks, and 168 beats/min in construction site laboreres. 3. The correlation between heart rate and oxygen uptake was high, namely, r>0.95. Subsequently heart rate could be used as a measure of degree of intensity of physical exercise instead of the cumbersome oxygen uptake measurement. 4. The prescription of physical exercise for the promotion of health is: Daily walking for more than one hour at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr. Bodily functions in this daily walking are in boys (body weight, 50 kg): heart rates of 110 beats/min; breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; pulmonary ventilation, 351/min; stride, 124 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,440 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal. In adults (body weight, 60 kg) the bodily functions are: heart rates of 100 beats/min, breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; Pulmonary ventilation, 301/min; stride, 127 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,670 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study examined the effects of fast walking training on a treadmill on the spinal alignment and muscle thickness of normal adults. Methods: A total of 36 college students in their twenties participated in the study for eight weeks, and they were divided into the normal walking, fast walking, and speed change groups. All the groups were measured in a pre-test before training. The subjects performed exercise three times per week for six weeks. A post-test was conducted six weeks after training began, and a follow-up test was done two weeks after the training ended.Trunk and pelvic tilts were measured in Formetric 4D for the spinal alignment of the subjects. The muscle thickness was examined in the trunk with an ultrasound test. Repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to test the main effects and interactions among the measurement variables according to time and group. Results: Significant differences were observed in the pelvic tilt according to time. There were significant differences in the external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal muscle according to time. The post-test results showed significant differences in the left external oblique, internal oblique muscles between before training, six weeks into training, and two weeks after the completion of training. There were significant interactions in the left oblique muscles according to the time and group. Conclusion: These findings have some value for patient rehabilitation and clinical applications and interventions through walking training.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2022

PURPOSE: To find out how wearing a mask due to COVID-19 affects cardiovascular function as the pace of walking changes. METHODS: Forty-nine college students (27 men, 22 women) were subjected to treadmill exercises without masks (Group I) and wearing masks (Group II). The body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure were measured to determine the changes in cardiovascular function. These parameters were measured at rest (Control I), low-intensity (Control II), medium-intensity (Control III), and high-intensity (Control IV) before and after exercise. RESULTS: Significant differences in heart rate were observed between Control III and Control IV, and a significant difference in oxygen saturation was noted in Control IV. Significant differences in the exercise intensity change in Group II were as follows: Body temperature was Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, and Control IV compared to Control III. The heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, Control IV for Control III, oxygen saturation was Control IV compared to Control I, blood pressure was Control II and Control III and Control IV compared to Control I, and Control IV compared to Control II. CONCLUSION: Exercising when wearing a mask affects the cardiovascular system. Therapists should consider the patient's condition when setting the exercise intensity. In particular, therapists should be more careful when setting the exercise intensity of patients with cardiovascular disease.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.195-205
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stability techniques on walking speed, trunk stability, and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Ten stroke patients volunteered to participate in the study, and each of subjects was randomly assigned to either the stability technique (ST) group (n=5) or to the treadmill (TM) group (n=5). Each therapeutic exercise program was provided for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. The ST group performed a PNF pattern combined with stabilizing reversal and rhythmic stabilization of the PNF stability technique. Walking speed (measured using a 10-meter walking test), trunk stability (TIS), and balance (BBS, FRT) were evaluated before and after training. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. The significance level for statistical inspection was set at 0.05. Results: Both groups showed improvements on the 10-meter walking test, the trunk impairment scale, the Berg balance scale, and the functional reaching test. Conclusion: PNF stability techniques are effective for improving trunk stability, balance, and walking speed in stroke patients. For stroke patients, PNF stability techniques are very useful and effective, including in clinical practice.