• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.85-95
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• 2009

Congestion on expressways is increasing in spite of continuous road construction. In enlargement of expressway capacity to lessen congestion, a long period is needed and in the case of traffic congestion, it would be impossible to avoid long periods of traffic congestion. So, it is necessary to cope with traffic congestion through continuous traffic condition monitoring, analysis of the causes of congestion and the development of alternatives before traffic conditions worsen. A congestion index that can express traffic operating conditions measurably is needed to monitor those conditions. Thus, in this research, a new congestion index, the Traffic Condition Index (TCI), is developed. TCI is able to evaluate roads that have different grades (or design speeds) and to judge traffic condition as good, fair and poor (congested). In addition, TCI has merits in that it can strengthen the function of existing Freeway Traffic Management Systems (FTMS) and can be applied to congestion management easily: TCI calculates congestion intensity and severity using data obtained from existing FTMS. In order to validate TCI, it was applied to the Kyungbu Expressway and the Seohaean Expressway. As a result, TCI shows a good performance in the aspect of applicability and ability of presentation of traffic conditions compared with travel speed and Travel Time Index (TTI).

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 2016

A subway system is one of the major transportation modes at a metropolitan area. When it meets the other lines, the metro station, so-called transferring station, is usually threatened by severe pedestrian congestion and safety issue of transit users including the transportation vulnerable. Although transportation planners forecast travel demand at the beginning, it is not easy to predict pedestrian flows precisely for a long term if land use plans have dramatically changed. Due to expensive costs, structural extension of metro stations is limited. Therefore, it requires efficient and technical improvements as meeting the demand of pedestrian and physical characteristics. In this study, the core mechanism of pedestrian movement-based simulation model was introduced and evacuation scenarios were analyzed with the developed model. As a result, the multiple optimal routes for unexpected events at the solid space of the multiple stories are easily searched through the simulator and in the case of Sadang Station, travel time can be reduced by 60% when the evacuation information and intuitive design are provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.539-546
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• 2016

It is over 12 years since the launch of Korea Train eXpress (KTX) services. Demand for the KTX has been on the increase continuously but few studies have been produced related to this phenomenon. KTX passenger demand has been constantly increasing due to influencing factors such as the expansion of network, rise of oil prices, etc. In this study, our main focus is to verify that there are other types of elements that are causing an increase in KTX demand; our approach looks at changes in social and psychological aspect that have occurred due to the reduction of travel time and cost, as well as the imposition of a five-day workweek. In other words, we considered diffusion theory in the marketing area, which affects product selection and purchasing attitudes, as a key factor that is causing passenger demand to increase. That is to say that it is hypothesized that the demand for travel on the KTX has increased due to the train's utility, which is spread by the diffusion effect Therefore, the Bass diffusion model was applied to explain the dramatic increase in KTX passenger demand. Based on this foundation, it was also discussed how certain marketing strategies that incorporate the diffusion effect should be considered variously for sustainable management of rail transportation, while considering a steady passenger demand.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.315-325
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• 2021

Yeonjae(淵齋) Song Byeong-seon(宋秉璿, 1836-1905) was the ninth-generation descendant of Uam (尤庵) Song Si-yeol (宋時烈). During his lifetime, he gained the trust of Yu-rim(儒林) and was called to the court several times. However, he eventually refused an official] post and spent his life cultivating his studies in the wild. When the Eulsa Treaty(乙巳條約) was signed on November 17, Yeonjae pleaded with King Gojong about the abolition of the treaty. And on the morning of December 30, Yeon-jae committed suicide at his old house in Hoedeok(懷德). At this time, Yeon-jae sent the final appeal to the king, leaving a message to the king, the people, and Yu-rim about the restoration of national sovereignty, fulfilling his duties as a leader of Sarim(士林). After that, in 1962, Yeonjae was awarded the Order of Independence Medal of National Founding. Song Byeong-seon's excursions took place throughout his life. 22 long and short travelogues are existed today. The excursions were mainly done by land, so most of them rode horses or mules. He sometimes used floats or kilns. But he sometimes knew how to use the waterways effectively. This is because in some travel reports, routes using inland waterways and sea routes appear. The journey of the series continues all the way to finding the relics of his ancestors. In this process, it is clear that he reaffirmed its mission of succession to the family and promised to be a part of the brilliant feat of the ancestors. In addition, the reading of the scriptures and Neo-Confucian discussion were added to the excursions. His excursions continued as a means of publicizing and expanding the Neo-Confucian worldview. Thus, Yeonjae inherited the spirit of John Wangyangi(尊王攘夷) left by his ancestors, and finally raised the banner of Wijeongcheoksa(衛正斥邪) high. And he resolutely set out on the road to death for the country.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

The reasonable assessment of the shear stiffness of a dredged soft ground and soft clay is difficult due to the soil disturbance. This study addresses the development and application of a new in-situ shear wave measuring apparatus (field velocity probe: FVP), which overcomes several of the limitations of conventional methods. Design concerns of this new apparatus include the disturbance of soils, cross-talking between transducers, electromagnetic coupling between cables, self acoustic insulation, the constant travel distance of S-wave, the rotation of the transducer, directly transmitted wave through a frame from transducer to transducer, and protection of the transducer and the cable. These concerns are effectively eliminated by continuous improvements through performing field and laboratory tests. The shear wave velocity of the FVP is simply calculated, without any inversion process, by using the travel distance and the first arrival time. The developed FVP Is tested in soil up to 30m in depth. The experimental results show that the FVP can produce every detailed shear wave velocity profiles in sand and clay layers. In addition, the shear wave velocity at the tested site correlates well with the cone tip resistance. This study suggests that the FVP may be an effective technique for measuring the shear wave velocity in the field to assess dynamic soil properties in soft ground.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.185-205
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• 2023

As the tourism industry recovers post the COVID-19 pandemic, an increasing number of tourists are utilizing various platforms to leave reviews. However, amidst the vast amount of data, finding useful information remains challenging, often leading to time and cost inefficiencies in selecting travel destinations. Despite ongoing research, there are limitations due to the absence of ratings or the presence of different rating formats across platforms. Moreover, inconsistencies between ratings and the content of reviews pose challenges in developing recommendation models. To address these issues, this study utilized 7,104 reviews of tourist spots in Jeju Island to develop a specialized satisfaction index for Jeju tourist attractions and employed this index to construct a 'Rating Prediction Model.' To validate the model's performance, we predicted the ratings of 700 experimental data points using both the developed model and an LSTM approach. The proposed model demonstrated superior performance with a weighted accuracy of 73.87%, which is approximately 4.67% higher than that of the LSTM. The results of this study are expected to resolve the discrepancies between ratings and review contents, standardize ratings in reviews without ratings or in various formats, and provide reliable rating indicators applicable across all areas of travel in different domains.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.127-158
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• 2021

Many online travel agencies (OTAs) provide average ratings and time-relevant information or the most recently posted reviews regarding hotels to satisfy customers. To identify these two factors' relative influence on behavioral decision-making processes, we conducted two studies: (1) an experimental research design to explore the relative influence of the two on online review consumption and (2) an empirical approach to examine their relative impact on online review generation. The results show that when review posters observe an inconsistency between average ratings and recent reviews, they tend to deviate from the recent reviews regardless of the overall direction (reactance behavior). Meanwhile, review consumers tend to conform to the opinions presented in recent reviews (herding behavior). Additionally, in both cases, the effects are amplified in case of a negative aberration. Based on the findings, this study provides theoretical and practical implications regarding the relative influences of average rating and recently posted reviews and their different impacts on online review consumption and generation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.2
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• pp.170-186
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• 2024

This study was conducted to identify the usage characteristics of the DMZ Punchbowl Trail (DPT) as a national forest trail (NFT) and to estimate its ripple effects on the local economy. The objective of this study is to provide policy implications for sustainable operational management. Out of the 500 questionnaires distributed, 215 respondents provided their complete travel itineraries and expenditures. The respondents, mainly aged 50 and above and residing in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, spend 3.5 hours of travel time to the DPT. Together with their families, the respondents typically spend approximately 4 hours for leisurely activities, primarily appreciation of scenic views and relaxation by visiting the "O-yubatgil." Furthermore, they extend their travels to other parts of Gangwon Province, where the DPT is situated. Within Gangwon Province, Yanggu County is the most visited destination. The respondents reported a notably higher average expenditure per visitor compared with the typical local walking tourists. Estimates show that the DPT generates an annual average of KRW 2.1 billion in direct expenditure (based on an average of 10,000 visitors for over five years), KRW 2.8 billion in production, and KRW 1.3 billion in added value, and it has created 40 jobs in Gangwon Province. The results of this study lies in empirically determining the specific economic scale and ripple effects of DPT as an NFT in the major sector, which occupies a significant portion of the Gangwon Province's local economy. The results will be instrumental in validating NFT policies and informing policy making for sustainable forest utilization.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.51-71
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• 2016

Tourism products are intangible goods. Given this nature, tourist experience should be recorded and visualized through media, such as pictures, videos, and souvenir. Online platforms played the role of media given the growth of information and communication technology. Tourists post their travels for real-time documentation of their experiences, but they also tend to reminisce about past experiences that they posted on social media. Social media is not only a channel of self-presentation or a means of communication with other people, but it also serves as an archive of electronic records to bring back memories. Given this finding, we investigated the impact of social media on the autobiographical memory (recollection and vividness) of tourists and their intention to revisit a certain destination. The results showed social media interface and the impact of display quality on the recollection and vivid memory. The predictor of memory recollection of tourists is intention to revisit a destination. Social media is considered an archive of travel memory that indulges people to reminisce. Theoretical and practical implications were provided based on these results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.487-496
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• 2005

Chlorine bulk decay tests were carried out by bottle test under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Experiments were performed at different temperatures: $5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and the water temperatures when samples were taken from the effluent just before entering to its distribution system. 38 bulk tests were performed for water of Al (water treatment plant), 4 bulk tests for A2 (large service reservoir), and A3(pumping station). Residual chlorine concentrations in the amber bottles were measured over time till about 100 hours and bulk decay coefficients were evaluated by assuming first-order, parallel first-order, second-order. and $n^{th}-order$ reaction. The $n^{th}-order$ coefficients were obtained using Fourth-order Runge-Kutta Method. A good-fit by the average coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was first-order ($R^2=0.90$) < parallel first-order ($R^2{_{fast}}=0.92$, $R^2{_{slow}}=0.95$) < second-order ($R^2=0.95$) < $n^{th}-order$ ($R^2=0.99$). But if fast reaction of parallel first-order bulk decay were applied to the effluent of large service reservoir with ca. 20 hours of travel time and slow reaction in the water distribution system following the first 20 hours, parallel first-order bulk decay would be best and easy for application of water quality modeling technique.