• 대한교통학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1990

The first-best pricing rule which achieves economic efficiency is to equate price with marginal cost. Since public transport demand is derived from some other demand, the user cost as well as the producer cost are considered in its pricing. The optimal price is derived from a derivative of the total social cost with respect to demand. In case of the bus, if there is enough capacity for demand increase, the optimal price is determined by the marginal producer cost resulting from bus sped decrease and by the marginal user cost resulting from journey time increase. Both are caused by boarding and fare collecting time of an additional passenger. Because of the budget constraints, the marginal cost pricing cannot be applied in practice. Then price discrimination as the second-best pricing is introduced. The Ramsey pricing, to charge different prices for different demand elasticities, and nonuniform prices such as travelcards can be applied. However, there is practical difficulty in implementing these prices because of great informational requirements, the costs of administration and the ease to users.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2009

The objective of this was to improve a transportation cost relation between Central Distribution Centers(CDCs) and Regional Distribution Centers(RDCs), to control inventory cost concerning safety stock for each service level, by reviewing distribution steps connecting CDCs and RDCs under the price discount. It was also to examine and compare operating costs for the following two alternative suggestions for setting the service standard as a counter measure for a stock-out of the distribution network system management. First, provision by dispersing the safety stock to the CDCs and RDCs; and second, exclusive provision of the safety stock only to the RDCs. The cost comparison analysis was made for each category of purchase costs, regular transportation costs, express transportation costs, and inventory holding costs.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2013

More and more medium and small enterprises do business across the world according to generalization of online shopping mall such as eBay and Amazon. But high export and import transportation cost make weak the price competitive power of medium and small enterprises products. Then this paper deals with the development of new business model which can reduce the transportation cost for global logistics through efficiently overcoming the constraints as length, size, and weight of product. We explain this model with application for company which export the automobile parts. We can expect the transportation cost reduction by 50%.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2011

본 연구는 공동주택의 분양가 결정을 위한 영향요인 도출 및 중요도 분석을 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 서울, 경기, 충청지역별 각각 3곳의 공동주택을 사례대상으로 선정하였으며, 관련 연구자료 및 전문가 면담을 통해 분양가 영향요인을 도출하였다. 이렇게 도출된 분양가 영향요인을 대상으로 각 지역별 전문가 설문을 통해 AHP기법을 활용하여 분양가 영향요인의 중요도를 분석하였다. 상기와 같은 목적과 방법에 따라 진행된 본 연구의 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 공동주택 분양가 영향요인은 원가, 단지, 주택, 교통, 지역, 토지, 정책 투자가치요인의 총 8가지 항목으로 도출되었다. 2) 각 지역별 영향요인의 중요도 분석결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 서울지역은 투자가치요인(16.0%), 정책요인(14.6%), 원가요인(13.9%)이 주요인으로 선정되었으며, 경기지역은 지역요인(15.9%) 교통요인(13.8%) 투자가치요인(13.4%)이 주요인으로 선정되었다. 충청지역은 지역요인(17.1%), 교통요인(16.4%), 주택요인(14.9%)이 주요인으로 선정되었다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to reexamine the price fairness as practiced by low cost airlines, as a consumer has to experience such inconveniences as inferior airport transportation, extra fees on in-flight meals, and non-negotiable seats, and consumers evaluate such experiences keeping in mind their total costs. This evaluation includes price fairness and allows a reasonable and overall consideration of factors of low cost airlines. It tries to set up a measurement of the indicators consumers' perceptions of price fairness academically as it adapts price fairness to airline services which are renowned for price volatility. Research design, data, and methodology - The research proposes an alternative pricing strategy for the long term profit of low cost airlines after going over conflicts between the traditional theory of consumers' price perception mechanism and flexible fair policy of low cost airlines. It was meaningful when it relates to the early stage of the business, while it enhances the risks relating to the long term survival of low cost airlines. In addition, it is significant as it highlights the negative influences on consumers' perceptions of price fairness, as low cost airlines run on extremely low cost perspectives. Results - The results of the research provide insight into four perspectives, as consumers' perceptions of price fairness are influenced by the frequency and range of price changes and services. The first perspective is that it would lead to positive price evaluation when a low cost airline cuts prices frequently with little changes than one big change. It also would lead to the same result when it comes to necessary services. The second perspective is that one big increase of price would rather undermine the negative aspects of price changes than those of several smaller ones. The third perspective is that additional services would be good to consumers' perceptions of price fairness as compared to discount benefits with respect to the cost. Finally, a low cost airline should consider that consumers will change airlines or defer their flight schedule if the flight fares increase beyond their limits. Conclusions - Low cost airlines should reconsider their pricing policies for services that were provided free earlier. A consumer would not like discount benefits when made to pay for services that were, for long, free of charge. If a low cost airline can provide services with no charge, it should improve volumes if the costs are standardized and, moreover, should consider the charging fees. Alternatively, a consumer can choose between services and fair discount. Low cost airlines are implementing sales promotion strategies, as the competition is more intense than it used to be. In these days, they should regard services over sales promotion, as consumers may prefer to spend money on good premium services. Some differentiation in services could create a good market position for the airlines and, hence, good financial performance.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.251-268
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• 2009

본 논문은 서비스 품질이 서로 다른 두 항만의 가격경쟁을 게임모형을 이용해 이론적으로 분석하고 있다. 화주들의 위치를 두 가지로 가정하였다. 하나는 두 항만의 한곳에 화주들이 밀집된 경우이고, 다른 하나는 두 항만 사이에 화주들이 고루 배치된 경우이다. 분석결과를 요약하면, 다음과 같다. 화주가 두 항만 사이의 특정 위치에 밀집되어 있을 경우, 화주들의 고품질 서비스에 대한 선호도가 커질수록 두 항만의 가격이 높아지나, 고품질 항만의 가격이 저품질 항만의 가격보다 2배 이상 빠르게 증가한다. 화주들의 위치가 고품질 항만쪽에 가까울수록 고품질 항만의 가격은 올라가고, 저품질 항만의 가격은 떨어진다. 또한, 운송비가 올라가면 저품질 항만의 가격은 낮아지나, 고품질 항만의 가격은 올라갈 가능성이 높다. 고품질 항만의 서비스가 상대적으로 더 높아지면, 고품질 항만의 가격은 올라가고, 저품질 항만의 가격 변화는 불확실하다. 다음으로 화주가 두 항만사이에 균질하게 분포할 경우, 화주들의 고품질 항만 서비스에 대한 선호도가 커질수록 두 항만의 가격이 높아지고, 고품질 항만의 가격이 저품질 항만의 가격보다 2배 이상 빠르게 증가하며, 운송비가 커질수록 두 항만의 가격이 함께 작아지나, 저품질 항만의 가격이 고품질 항만의 가격보다 2배 정도 빠르게 감소해 간다. 또한, 고품질 항만 서비스가 상대적으로 높아지면, 고품질 항만의 가격은 올라가지만, 저품질 항만의 가격은 운송비 수준이 높으면 내려간다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.322-328
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• 2007

Highly standardized products are suitable for automated purchasing using electronic commerce technology, where the price becomes the most important factor. Suppliers can change the prices dynamically based on the inventory level and market situation in order to maximize the sales and profit. In the virtual marketplace where multiple customers purchase multiple standardized products from multiple suppliers repetitively, customers can purchase the required amount of each item as a dynamic bidding by allocating purchase orders to the suppliers based on the current price. Customers need a method to quickly determine the optimal allocation of orders to the suppliers using the dynamically changing data to minimize the total cost. We present a LP model which minimizes the sum of the total price plus transportation cost for this problem. Simulation results using random data show meaningful reduction of the total cost.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제13권3B호
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• pp.116-126
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic aspect of sea transportation system between Inchon and Youngjong island in which Inchon international airport is being constructed. Total demand of sea transportation arising from in the airport and Yongyu Muwi leisure complex was estimated. To select optimum transportation route, environmental conditions in and around Inchon harbour and Youngjong island including the change of water depth by tide current, fog, rain, wind adn typhoon, ets., were investigated. The preliminary consideration on ships (size, velocity, transport capacity, price), routes, operational modes, terminals and berthing facilities were carried out. The transportation cost per passenger by sea transportation system was estimated to compare with that of land transportation system. It was found that sea transportation system proposed is competitive to the transportation system.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권9호
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• pp.1577-1582
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• 2016

Now we are facing severe environmental issues such as global warming. Due to these, the concerns about eco-friendly energy have been increased. Kyoto protocol and Copenhagen climate change conference are circumstantial evidence of it. With these trends, the interests for the Electric Vehicles(EVs) which do not emit any harmful gases have gradually been raised. Unfortunately, however, massive connection of EVs to the power system could cause negative impacts such as voltage variations, frequency variations and increase of demand power. To prevent the mentioned issues, KEPCO adopts Time-of-Use(ToU) price for EVs charging. Nevertheless, it is important to verify the propriety of the charging system. In this paper, therefore, we used pre-introduced price elasticity concept to predict possible Demand Response(DR) on charging of EVs. And analyzed possible demand power increase according to various price elasticities. Simulation results show that given ToU based charging system would not enough to control the increase of demand power by EVs on the power system. It is concluded, therefore, additional methods and/or algorithms are required.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.77-81
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• 2015

The unit price contracting is the standard contracting method for highway projects in the U.S. As a result, state highway agencies have collected a large amount of historical bid data that they can use to determine engineer's estimates for future projects. The estimator must carefully consider various characteristics of a new project such as its location to determine an engineer's estimate as accurate as possible before bid letting. Higher cost estimates can result in the loss of the available budget and lower cost estimates may lead to deferral and delay of projects. The study uses the historical bid data obtained from Iowa Department of Transportation and develops a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool to visually show the variation of unit prices over the map using a spatial interpolation technique. The interpolation map can be used to estimate the unit price of the item at any location across Iowa. This noble method allows the estimator to effectively and fully utilize the historical bid data in a very time efficient manner and determine more accurate cost estimation.