• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.31
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• pp.81-106
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• 2006

The Terms of Reference are one of the most distictive features of ICC Arbitration. No document of this type is required to be drawn up under the rules of any of the other major international arbitration institutions. The purpose of this paper is to examine their advantages and to introduce main contents provided in Article 18 of ICC Rules of Arbitration, which results in the wide recognition of the Terms of Reference. As the volume of our international commercial transaction ranks almost ten in the world, the frequency using ICC Arbitration is expected to increase continuously. The Terms of Reference provide the parties and the arbitrators with an opportunity to identify and agree on procedural and other matters, such as the applicable law, the language of the arbitration and the timetable for the arbitration. They also afford the parties and the arbitrators to identify the substantive issues that are addressed in the arbitration and to delimit the precise scope of the Arbitract Tribunal's mandate. The contents of the Terms of Reference which are provided in Article 18(1) include the summary of parties claims, the list of issues and procedural rules. For the effects of the Terms of Reference, they are not intended to replace the parties' arbitration agreement. But they may in certain circumstances be regarded as a form of submission agreement. Article 18(2) provides that the Terms of Reference shall be signed by the parties and the Arbitral Tribunal, and requires the Arbitral Tribunal to transmit a signed copy of the Terms of Reference to the Court within two months of the date on which the file was transmitted to it by the Secretariat. The Court enjoys the power to extend the two-month time limit for the Terms of Reference on the reasoned request of the Arbitral Tribunal or on the Court's own initiative. Article 18(3) provides that if any of the parties refuses to take part in the drawing up of the Terms of Reference or to sign the same, they shall be submitted to the Court for approval. Article 18(4) allows the Arbitral Tribunal to extablish in a separate document a provisional timetable. This is a provision that encourages the acceleration of the arbitraction process. The timetable provided for therein is merely "provisional" and may be modified, as necessary, during the course of the arbitration.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.68.1-68.1
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• 2012

The best part of graphene is - charge-carriers in it are mass less particles which move in near relativistic speeds. Comparing to other materials, electrons in graphene travel much faster - at speeds of $10^8cm/s$. A graphene sheet is pure enough to ensure that electrons can travel a fair distance before colliding. Electronic devices few nanometers long that would be able to transmit charge at breath taking speeds for a fraction of power compared to present day CMOS transistors. Many researches try to check a possibility to make it a perfect replacement for silicon based devices. Graphene has shown high potential to be used as interconnects in the field of high frequency electrical devices. With all those advantages of graphene, we demonstrate characteristics of electrical and optical properties of graphene such as the effect of graphene geometry on the microwave properties using the measurements of S-parameter in range of 500 MHz - 40 GHz at room temperature condition. We confirm that impedance and resistance decrease with increasing the number of graphene layer and w/L ratio. This result shows proper geometry of graphene to be used as high frequency interconnects. This study also presents the optical properties of graphene oxide (GO), which were deposited in different substrate, or influenced by oxygen plasma, were confirmed using different characterization techniques. 4-6 layers of the polycrystalline GO layers, which were confirmed by High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electron diffraction analysis, were shown short range order of crystallization by the substrate as well as interlayer effect with an increase in interplanar spacing, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen functional groups on its layers. X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of the $sp^2$ and $sp^3$ hybridization due to the disordered crystal structures of the carbon atoms results from oxidation, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and XPS analysis shows the changes in oxygen functional groups with nature of substrate. Moreover, the photoluminescent (PL) peak emission wavelength varies with substrate and the broad energy level distribution produces excitation dependent PL emission in a broad wavelength ranging from 400 to 650 nm. The structural and optical properties of oxygen plasma treated GO films for possible optoelectronic applications were also investigated using various characterization techniques. HRTEM and electron diffraction analysis confirmed that the oxygen plasma treatment results short range order crystallization in GO films with an increase in interplanar spacing, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen functional groups. In addition, Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of the $sp^2$ and $sp^3$ hybridization due to the disordered crystal structures of the carbon atoms results from oxidation and XPS analysis shows that epoxy pairs convert to more stable C=O and O-C=O groups with oxygen plasma treatment. The broad energy level distribution resulting from the broad size distribution of the $sp^2$ clusters produces excitation dependent PL emission in a broad wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm. Our results suggest that substrate influenced, or oxygen treatment GO has higher potential for future optoelectronic devices by its various optical properties and visible PL emission.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.796-804
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• 2010

It is important to use the comb type pilot allocation for the continuous channel and efficient processing. And DFT-spreading OFDM is used a lot to solve high PAPR problem of OFDM system. However, PAPR is increased again when comb type pilot is used to estimate channel characteristics. So, in this paper, we employ a new SLM method to DFT-spreading OFDM system to reduce increased high PAPR. And we suggest an effective method to transmit side information without additional bandwidth. Pilot and side information must be preserved from jamming or intentional interferences since those are very important in DFT spread OFDM system using SLM. So, in this paper, we like to analyze and simulate the performance of DFT spread OFDM system based on SLM against jamming signal. To remedy the vulnerable shortcomings of DFT spread OFDM about jamming or intentional interferences, we employ FH(Frequency Hopping) method and analyze system performance under the several jamming conditions such as MTJ(Multi Tone Jamming) and PBJ(Partial Band Jamming).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

In this paper, we designed and fabricated the multi band Transceiver Assembly(TCA) for the Multi Channel Synthetic Aperture Radar(MCSAR) containing C-band, X-band, Ku-band and we researched to verify electrical performance of TCA. The transceiver consists of transmitters, receivers, signal selection modules for each band, and stability oscillator, frequency synthesizer, controller, power distributor. The transceiver has a receive path selection and bandwidth selection functions in accordance with the operating mode. And the transceiver can transmit and receive all three bands simultaneously, each band has a bandwidth of up to 300 MHz. Final transmission output of transceiver for each band is over 20 dBm to be suitable for driving the T/R module. Receiver bandwidth is selected according to the required function and receiver gain has approximately C-band 52 dB, X-band 50 dB, Ku-band 60 dB, the maximum noise figure of Ku-band V polarization is 4.28 dB in the whole band H, V polarization. As a result of the electrical performance test, a multi-band TCA is satisfied the property requirements of the MCSAR.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.2109-2116
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• 2014

This paper presents the implementation and design of the advanced WI-FI systems with beam-forming antenna that radiate their power to the direction of user equipment to improve the overall throughput, contrast to the general WI-FI systems equipped with omni-antenna. The system consists of patch array antenna, DSP, FPGA, and Qualcomm's commercial chip. The beam-forming system on the FPGA utilizes the packet information from Qualcomm's commercial chip to control the phase shifters and attenuators of the patch array antenna. The PCI express interface has been used to maximize the communication speed between DSP and FPGA. The directions of arrival of users are managed using the database, and each user is distinguished by the MAC address given from the packet information. When the system wants to transmit a packet to one user, it forms beams to the direction of arrival of the corresponding user stored in the database to maximize the throughput. Directions of arrival of users are estimated using the received preamble in the packet to make its SINR as high as possible. The proposed beam-forming system was implemented using an FPGA and Qualcommm's commercial chip together. The implemented system showed considerable throughput improvement over the existing general AP system with omni-directional antenna in the multi-user communication environment.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2016

In this study, an optimal design for motor-driven track type traveling system applied into high clearance working machineries in orchard is proposed. Tractive performance and hill climbing ability were predicted and evaluated for the optimal motor traveling system by taking into account of soil characteristics in orchard utilizing the high clearance working machineries. Design criteria for tractive performance were based on the traction force calculated from tractive effort subtracted by motion resistance, while hill climbing ability had its design criteria that fulfill the climbing 20% slope ground at a speed of 3km/h. Based on the evaluation results of traction and climbing ability, two DC48V, 4500rpm, 1.6kW AC motors were independently applied to both left and right side of orbits; each motor is designed to transmit power on driving sprocket of track type traveling system via 50:1 reduction gear ratio. The motor-driven track type traveling system developed in the study found to have 396 kgf of tractive force, which is 12.5% higher than climbing resistance at orchard soil having 20% slope ground (352 kgf), demonstrating sufficient tractive performance and hill climbing ability.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.2806-2811
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• 2013

New technologies such as multi-antenna and small cell were proposed as key technology for the next generation mobile system to cope with the explosively increasing mobile data traffic. In particular, heterogeneous mobile communication network which can improve spatial reuse factor by exploiting macro and small cells simultaneously is attracting attention. However, the heterogeneous network has a problem that the utilization of small cells becomes low because the transmit power of macro base stations is much higher than that of small base stations and then the probability that mobile stations are attached to the macro base stations becomes high. This problem is dominant in uplink. The concept of cell range expansion bias to mitigate the problem was proposed by 3GPP and the corresponding standardization is in progress. In this paper, we analyze the downlink performance of the heterogeneous mobile communication network based on a system level simulator with the cell range expansion bias in terms of average cell spectral efficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2022

Physical activities are decreasing and sitting time is increasing due to the automation, smartization, and intelligence of necessary household items throughout daily life. Recent healthcare studies have reported that the likelihood of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early death increases in proportion to sitting time. In this paper, we develop a sitting posture correction cushion in real time using capacitive pressure sensor based on conductive textile. It develops a pressure sensor using conductive textile, a key component of the posture correction cushion, and develops a low power-based pressure measurement circuit. It provides a function to transmit sensor values measured in real time to smartphones using BLE short-range wireless communication on the posture correction cushion, and develops a mobile application to check the condition of the sitting posture through these sensor values. In the mobile app, you can visualize your sitting posture and check it in real time, and if you keep it in the wrong posture for a certain period of time, you can notify it through an alarm. In addition, it is possible to visualize the sitting time and posture accuracy in a graph. Through the correction cushion in this paper, we experiment with how effective it is to correct the user's posture by recognizing the user's sitting posture, and present differentiation and excellence compared to other product.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.95-105
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• 2022

The Army, Navy, and Air Force are making various efforts to develop a weapon system that incorporates the 4th industrial revolution technology so that it can be used in multi-domain operations. In order to effectively demonstrate the integrated combat power through the weapon system to which the new technology is applied, it is necessary to establish a network environment in which each weapon system can transmit and receive information smoothly. For this, it is essential to analyze the Information Exchange Requirement(IER) of each weapon system, but many IER analysis studies did not sufficiently reflect the various considerations of the actual tactical network. Therefore, this study closely analyzes the research methods and results of the existing information exchange requirements analysis studies. In IER analysis, the size of the message itself, the size of the network protocol header, the transmission/reception structure of the tactical network, the information distribution process, and the message occurrence frequency. In order to be able to use it for future IER prediction, we present a technique for calculating the information exchange requirement as a probability distribution using the Poisson distribution and the probability generating function. In order to prove the validity of this technique, the results of the probability distribution calculation using the message list and network topology samples are compared with the simulation results using Network Simulator 2.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2014

The sweetpotato whitefly (SPW), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, is a major pest in tomato greenhouses on Jeju Island because they transmit viral diseases. To develop practical sampling methods for adult SPWs, yellow-color sticky traps were used in commercial tomato greenhouses throughout the western part of Jeju Island in 2011 and 2012. On the basis of the size and growing conditions in the tomato greenhouses, 20 to 30 traps were installed in each greenhouse for developing a sampling plan. Adult SPWs were more attracted to horizontal traps placed 60 cm above the ground than to vertical trap placed 10 cm above the plant canopy. The spatial patterns of the adult SPWs were evaluated using Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR). The results showed that adult SPWs were aggregated in each surveyed greenhouse. In this study, TPL showed better performance because of the coefficient of determination ($r^2$). On the basis of the fixed-precision level sampling plan using TPL parameters, more traps were required for higher precision in lower SPW densities per trap. A sequential sampling stop line was constructed using TPL parameters. If the treatment threshold was greater than 10 maximum adult SPWs on a trap, the required traps numbered 15 at a fixed-precision level of 0.25. In estimating the mean density per trap, the proportion of traps with two or more adult SPWs was more efficient than whole counting: ${\ln}(m)=1.19+0.90{\ln}(-{\ln}(1-p_T))$. The results of this study could be used to prevent the dissemination of SPW as a viral disease vector by using accurate control decision in SPW management programs.