• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.175-187
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• 2002

The existence and uniqueness of steady states for the age structured S-I-R epidemic model is considered. Intercohort form with external force is considered for the force of infection. Existence is obtained for nonvanishing external force of infection. Uniqueness is shown for the case where there is no vertical transmission of the disease.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2000

Most baculoviruses have an ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene, whose product inactivates ecdysteroid within the infected host. Bomhyx mori larvae infected with BmEGTZ, a mutant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in which the egt gene has been inactivated, die more rapidly compared to larvae infected with wild-type BmNPV. In this study, the profile of hemolymph proteins, and progression of virus infection in BmEGTZ- and BmNPV-infected B. mori larvae, was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and histochemically. These analyses showed that virus-encoded and virus-induced proteins were expressed quicker in BmEGTZ-infected larvae than in BmNPV-infected larvae. This suggests that the decrease in time to death, following BmEGTZ infection, results from the stimulation of virus-specific protein expression. In order to examine the effect of ecdysteroid on virus transmission, the profile of hemolymph proteins, and progression of virus infection, were analyzed following an ecdysteroid injection of BmEGTZ- or BmNPV-infected larvae. In the BmNPV-infected larvae, ecdysteroid treatment had no apparent effect on hemolymph protein expression. This suggests that the injected ecdysteroid was inactivated by the BmNPV-expressed ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase. An Ecdysteroid injection into BmEGTZ-infected larvae increased the speed of virus-specific protein expression and virus transmission. These results suggest that ecdysteroid stimulates protein expression, which in tum results in the stimulation of virus transmission.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2024

최근 의료기관 관련 홍역 유행 사례가 보고되고 있지만, 유행 역학조사 보고서가 표준화되어 있지 않아 질병부담의 크기를 이해하는 데 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 의료기관 관련 감염을 측정하기 위해 개발된 Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies of Nosocomial Infection (ORION) 조사도구를 사용하여 병원 내에서의 홍역 발생의 크기를 측정하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus 및 Cochrane에서 "measles," "nosocomial," "hospital," 및 "healthcare" 등의 주제어를 사용하여 검색을 수행하였다. 총 24건의 의료기관 관련 홍역 유행 역학조사 연구를 ORION 도구를 활용하여 검토했다. 연구 결과 전 세계적으로 의료기관 내에서의 홍역 전파는 발병률, 사망률 및 경제적으로 중대한 부담을 주고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 의료기관 관련 홍역을 예방하기 위해 의사 및 간호사 등 의료 종사자들의 예방접종 지침이 준수되어야 할 것이며, 특히 표준화된 유행 역학조사 보고서의 활용이 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.4747-4753
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• 2016

Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in Indonesia has been reported to be exceedingly low. The purpose of our study was to confirm whether this is the case in Northern Jakarta using a sensitive 13C-urea breath test (UBT), and to examine any associations with lifestyle/environment factors and potential routes of transmission. Methods: We recruited a total of 196 subjects from a low-income community in Northern Jakarta, Indonesia, data from 193 who completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle/environment and had UBT being included as the final. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for sex and age with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a logistic regression model. Results: The overall H. pylori infection rate was 15.0% (95%CI, 10.3-20.9), with variation among Javanese (9.1%, total=77), Buginese (40.0%, 35), Betawi (9.1%, 33), Sundanese (3.7%, 27), and Batak (40.0%, 5). On multivariate analysis, the ORs for intake of soybean milk, cucumber more than once a week, infrequent hand washing practice before meals, and alcohol consumption were 0.10 (95%CI: 0.01-0.97), 6.61 (95%CI: 1.87-23.3), 4.10 (95%CI: 1.15-14.6), and 61.9 (95%CI: 1.67-2300.8), respectively. Rates for Buginese (OR=7.84; 95%CI: 1.82-33.8) and Batak (OR=20.1; 95%CI: 1.90-213.2) were significantly higher than for Javanese. Conclusions: The H. pylori infection rate in this study was relatively low, in line with previous studies. Regarding ethnicity factors, Buginese and Batak reported eating food using fingers more frequently than Javanese, Betawi, and Sundanese. Our study indicated that person-person transmission is possible in this low prevalence area. The low infection rates for H. pylori among Javanese, Betawi, and Sundanese ethnics could be partly due to their sanitary practices.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2013

치과 진료의 특성 상 치과 진료 인력의 손이 환자의 입안에 직접 접촉하는 상황이 빈번하게 발생한다. 또한 고속 절삭 도구와 날카로운 기구, 주사바늘을 일상적으로 사용하기 때문에 출혈이 동반되는 경우가 대부분이므로 교차 감염의 가능성은 매우 높다. 진료실에서의 병원체는 오염된 인상체, 보철물을 통해 치과 진료실 뿐만 아니라 치과 기공실에도 전파될 수 있다. 치과 진료 인력(치과의사, 치과위생사, 치과기공사)은 모든 환자가 교차 감염의 위험성이 있음을 인식하고 적절한 감염 관리를 통해 감염이 전파되는 것을 방지할 수 있도록 노력해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 문헌 고찰을 통하여 치과용 인상체의 소독 방법과 화학적 소독제에 대하여 고찰해 보고, 임상에서 효율적으로 적용할 수 있는 인상체의 감염 관리 방법에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다.

• 대한간호
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• 제27권2호통권145호
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• pp.20-25
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• 1988

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

The Zika virus, a flavivirus related to dengue and Japanese encephalitis was discovered in the Zika forest in Uganda, 1947. Since Zika virus was first reported in Brazil in May 2015, infections have occurred in at least 40 countries, especially in the Americas. Zika virus infection usually is asymptomatic or causes mild illness, but may be related to severe clinical manifestations, particularly microcephaly and Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome. Although the possibility of autochthonous Zika virus transmission in South Korea is low, the imported cases and Zika virus-transmitting mosquito should be adequately monitored and promptly managed. In addition, enhancing preparedness for Zika virus infection are needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2022

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the master regulators of immune and metabolic cellular functions. HIF-1α, a transcriptional factor whose activity is closely related to oxygen levels, is a target for understanding infectious disease control. Several studies have demonstrated that HIF-1α plays an important role during the infectious process, while its role in relation to parasite virulence has not been addressed. In this work, we studied the expression levels of HIF-1α and related angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in human macrophages infected with promastigotes of hypo- or hyper-virulent Leishmania major human isolates. L. major parasites readily subverted host macrophage functions for their survival and induced local oxygen consumption at the site of infection. In contrast to hypo-virulent parasites that induce high HIF-1α expression levels, hyper-virulent L. major reduced HIF-1α expression in macrophages under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and consequently impeded the expression of VEGF-A mRNA. HIF-1α may play a key role during control of disease chronicity, severity, or outcome.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2020

Canine heartworm disease is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted from dog to dog by mosquitoes. It causes epidemics that disrupt the health environments of dogs and are burdensome for many dog owners. Recent trends of changing temperatures and weather conditions in South Korea may have an impact on the population of mosquitoes, and it affects the population of dogs at risk of heartworm infection. Mathematical modeling has become an important measure for analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases. However, canine heartworm infection transmission has not been reported yet through mathematical modeling. We develop a mathematical model of canine heartworm infection to predict the population of infected dogs depending on the vector (mosquito) population using a susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered model. Simulation results show that after 1 year, 3,289 dogs out of 73,602 (about 4.5%) are exposed and 134 (about 0.2%) are infected. Only 0.2% of susceptible dogs become infected after 1 year. However, if all exposed dogs are maintained in the same circumstances without any treatment, then the number of infected subjects will increase over time. This may increase the possibility of other dogs, especially dogs that live outside, being infected.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.30-42
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was intended to check if the "Creating Clean Wards" project, which is an innovative reinforced campaign activity targeting infection control strategies and active surveillance cultures for VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) high-risk patients to be admitted in the NS (neuro-surgery) wards, would be reduced the incidence rates of VRE acquisition, transmission rates. Methods: 75 subjects of the VRE high-risk patients were surveyed by carrying out active surveillance cultures of VRE colonization 11 times from January to March, 2012. And the retrospective study was conducted dividing them into two groups. Results: The incidence rates of VRE acquisition was reduced to 3.67 cases per 1,000 patients day in the control group and to 2.88 cases in experimental group, which was not statistically significant (p = .753). VRE transmission rates of 0.0015 per day before the project tended to increase to 0.0019, although not statistically significant (p = .650). As a result of multivariate analysis with regard to using glycopeptide antibiotics in order to find out risk factors of VRE colonization, the patients who had been treated with glycopeptide until VRE colonization showed 274.41 times higher rate. Conclusion : For effective VRE infection control in NS wards, We should carry out active surveillance culture regularly, especially patient of using glycopeptide. And block the spread of VRE by strengthening infection control through the strict isolation and the changed mind-set of members motivated by the "Creating Clean Wards" campaign.