• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.669-676
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• 2018

Transmission system has been well studied since long time and power system techniques of distribution system are more or less derived from transmission system. However, unlike transmission systems, many practical issues are encountered in the distribution system. Considerable amount of error is observed in voltage obtained from the Feeder Remote Terminal Units (FRTUs) measured by the pole mounted PTs along the distribution feeder. Load uncertainty is also an issue in distribution system. Further, penetration of Distributed Generators (DGs) creates voltage variations in the system. Hybrid radial/ loop distribution system also make it complicated to handle distribution system. How these constraints to be handled under Distribution Automation (DAS) environment in order to obtain error free voltage is described in this paper and therefore, a new approach of voltage error correction technique has been proposed. The proposed technique utilizes reliable data from substation and the FRTUs installed in DAS. The proposed technique adopts an iterative process for voltage error correction. It has been tested and proved accurate not only for conventional radial systems but also for loop distribution systems.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Ensuring the secure operation of power systems has become an important and critical matter during the present time, along with the development of large, complex and load-increasing systems. Security constraints such as the thermal limits of transmission lines and bus-voltage limits must be satisfied under all of a system’s operational conditions. An alternative solution to improve the security of a power system is the employment of Flexible Alternating-Current Transmission Systems (FACTS). FACTS devices can reduce the flows of heavily loaded lines, maintain the bus voltages at desired levels, and improve the stability of a power network. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a versatile FACTS device that can independently or simultaneously control the active power, the reactive power and the bus voltage; however, to achieve such functionality, it is very important to determine the optimal location of the UPFC device, with the appropriate parameter setting, in the power system. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) method is applied to determine the optimal location of the UPFC device in a network for the enhancement of the power-system loadability and the minimization of the active power loss in the transmission line. To verify our approach, simulations were performed on the IEEE 14 Bus, 30 Bus, and 57 Bus test systems. The proposed work was implemented in the MATLAB platform.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.591-599
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• 1994

A design system for power transmission bevel gears(straight, zerol, and spiral) is developed, in which the strength and durability of bevel gears can be estimated and the size of bevel gears can be minimized by introducing optimal techniques. The size of bevel gear pair as the object function to be minimized is the volume of equivalent spur gear pair at mean normal section, and the design variables to be determined are considered as the number of teeth, face width, diametral pitch, and spiral angle in spiral bevel gear. The strength(bending strength, pitting resistance) according to the AGMA standards, geometrical quantities, and operating characteristics(interference of pinion, contact ratio, etc.) are considered as the constraints in design optimization. The optimization with these constraints becomes nonlinear problem and that is solved with ALM(Augmented Lagrange Multiplier) method. The developed design method is applied to the example designs of straight, zerol, and spiral bevel gears. The design results are acceptable from the viewpoint of strength and durability within the design ranges of all other constraint, and the bevel gears are designed toward minimizing the size of gear pair. This design method is easily applicable to the design of bevel gears used as power transmitting devices in machineries, and is expected to be used for weight minimization of bevel gear unit.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.632-650
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• 2013

The paper considers a spectrum sharing cognitive radio (CR) network coexisting with a primary network under the average interference power constraint. In particular, the secondary user (SU) is assumed to carry delay-sensitive services and thus shall satisfy a given delay quality-of-service (QoS) constraint. The secondary receiver is also assumed to be equipped with multiple antennas to perform maximal ratio combining (MRC) to enhance SU performance. We investigate the effective capacity of the SU with MRC diversity under aforementioned constraints in Nakagami fading environments. Particularly, we derive the optimal power allocation to achieve the maximum effective capacity of the SU, and further derive the effective capacity in closed-form. In addition, we further obtain the closed-form expressions for the effective capacities under three widely used power and rate adaptive transmission schemes, namely, optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation (opra), truncated channel inversion with fixed rate (tifr) and channel inversion with fixed rate without truncation (cifr). Numerical results supported by simulations are presented to consolidate our studies. The impacts on the effective capacity of various system parameters such as the number of antennas, the average interference power constraint and the delay QoS constraint are investigated in detail. It is shown that MRC diversity can significantly improve the effective capacity of the SU especially for cifr transmission scheme.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권5B호
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• pp.365-377
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• 2006

매체공유기반 통신시스템은 매체접근제어 과정에서 단말기의 채널 점유 제약 조건에 따라 크게 완전매체공유 시스템과 불완전매체 공유 시스템으로 구분할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 불완전매체공유 시스템의 채널활용효율을 향상시키기 위한 분산식 매체접근제어기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 매체접근제어기법은 IEEE 802.11 무선랜의 CSMA/CA 기법을 확장한 방법으로써 임의 지연 시간을(random backoff time) 채널에 대해 개별적, 집합적, 큐(queue)에 대해 개별적으로 적용함으로써 크게 3가지 형태로 제시되었다. 모의실험 결과 성능측면에서는 큐에 대해 개별적으로 임의 지연시간을 적용하였을 때 상대적으로 우월한 성능을 보였다. 또한 복잡도 측면에서는 채널에 대하여 집합적으로 임의 지연시간을 적용했을 때 상대적으로 낮은 복잡도를 보였다. 임의 지연시간을 분할된 채널에 대해 개별적으로 적용하는 방식은 성능과 연산복잡도의 trade-off관계에 있어서 앞서 제시된 방식들보다 우위에 있음을 보이고 있다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2014

This paper proposes a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization with Time Varying Acceleration Coefficients (MPSO-TVAC) for solving economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. Due to prohibited operating zones (POZ) and ramp rate limits of the practical generators, the ELD problems become nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problem. Furthermore, the ELD problem may be more complicated if transmission losses are considered. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is one of the famous heuristic methods for solving nonconvex problems. However, this method may suffer to trap at local minima especially for multimodal problem. To improve the solution quality and robustness of PSO algorithm, a new best neighbour particle called 'rbest' is proposed. The rbest provides extra information for each particle that is randomly selected from other best particles in order to diversify the movement of particle and avoid premature convergence. The effectiveness of MPSO-TVAC algorithm is tested on different power systems with POZ, ramp-rate limits and transmission loss constraints. To validate the performances of the proposed algorithm, comparative studies have been carried out in terms of convergence characteristic, solution quality, computation time and robustness. Simulation results found that the proposed MPSO-TVAC algorithm has good solution quality and more robust than other methods reported in previous work.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2005

HLA는 시뮬레이션 표준 아키텍처로서 민수 및 국방 시뮬레이션 분야에서 관심이 높아가고 있다. 국내외에서 워게임과 같은 구조적 시뮬레이션에서는 HLA를 적용한 성공적인 개발사례를 찾아 볼 수 있다. 그러나 네트워크 시율레이터나 인터넷 게임과 같은 실시간 분산 시뮬레이션에서는 그 적용 사례가 아직까지 관찰되고 있지 않다. 그 이유는 실시간 분산 HLA 시뮬레이션에서는 네트워크 수준에서 RTI를 통한 메시지 전송시간이 컴퓨팅 능력, 시뮬레이션 노드 개수, 전송방식, 전송패킷의 크기에 영향을 받고, 응용 수준에서 메시지의 사건처리시간이 메시지 처리방식에 의존하여 실시간 제약조건을 설정하기가 어렵기 때문이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 차후 M-SAM 시뮬레이터의 개발을 위하여 RTI의 실시간 제약 조건의 수준을 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 1.Af 환경에서 6대의 PC상에 HLA 기반의 실험용 시뮬레이터를 개발하고 RTI의 성능을 측정하고 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과로서 이전의 연구에서 제시되지 않았던 다수 노드 환경에서 실제 운용 시나리오와 부하에 따른 메시지 지연시간, RTI 부하 및 RTI 패킷전송 비율에 대한 정량적인 특성 값을 얻을 수 있었고, 이 결과는 향후 M-SAM 시뮬레이터 또는 유사 응용체 계의 개발에서 표적 수, 전송주기 및 메시지 처리방식에 대한 설정지침으로 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.641-652
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 풍하중에 대한 기존 송전철탑의 좌굴 및 구조적 안전성을 평가하기 위해서 축소부분구조 실험을 수행하였다. 원 송전철탑에 작용하는 중력 및 풍하중을 재현하기 위해서 1/2크기의 상사법칙을 적용한 축소모델의 상부에 설치된 삼각형태의 지그를 이용하여 가력하는 방법을 고안하였다. 설계하중에 대한 실험체의 안정성을 평가하기 위해서 예비수치 해석을 수행한 결과, 계산된 주주재의 축력은 허용좌굴하중의 $80{\sim}90%$사이에 분포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 최대허용좌굴 하중의 270%까지 가력한 결과, 주주재의 면외거동을 구속하는데 취약한 절점에서 발생한 국부좌굴로 인하여 송전철탑이 파괴되었다. 하중-변위 곡선, 변위, 부재별 변형률을 검토한 결과, 이러한 국부좌굴의 발생은 동일한 단면내에서도 휨모멘트로 인해 항복응력에 도달하는 시간이 위치별로 다르기 때문에 변형의 불균형에 의해서 발생한 부가적인 편심에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1921-1929
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• 2015

The smart substation is the heart of a transmission system, which is particularly emphasized as the most significant composition of smart grids in China. In order to assess the functionality performance of substation technologies, this paper presents methods used to identify the most promising solutions for smart substation design and to evaluate the technical levels of available technologies. The multi-index optimization model is presented to address the issue of smart substation planning. A mathematical model of the planning decision problem is established with multiple objectives consisting of economic, reliability, and green key indices, and many kinds of concerns including physical and environmentally friendly operations are formulated as a set of constraints. With respect to the assessment of the technical level regarding integration of advanced technologies into a substation, a modified grey whitenization weight function is adopted to structure a novel grey clustering method. The proposed grey clustering approach is used to overcome the difficulty of insufficient quantitative assessment capacity for traditional methods. The evaluation of technical effects provides the classification definition for the development phase and the maturity level of the smart substation. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches in planning decision-making and evaluation of construction efforts is demonstrated with case studies involving the actual smart substation projects of Wenchongkou substation in China Southern Power Grid (CSG) and Mengzi substation in State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권10호
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• pp.2455-2472
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• 2012

Although underlay spectrum sharing has been shown as a promising technique to promote the spectrum utilization in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), it may suffer bad secondary performance due to the strict power constraints imposed at secondary systems and the interference from primary systems. In this paper, we propose a two-phase based cooperative transmission protocol with the interference cancellation (IC) and best-relay selection to improve the secondary performance in underlay models under stringent power constraints while ensuring the primary quality-of-service (QoS). In the proposed protocol, IC is employed at both the secondary relays and the secondary destination, where the IC-based best-relay selection and cooperative relaying schemes are well developed to reduce the interference from primary systems. The closed-form expression of secondary outage probability is derived for the proposed protocol over Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results show that, with a guaranteed primary outage probability, the proposed protocol can achieve not only lower secondary outage probability but also higher secondary diversity order than the traditional underlay case.