• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

Sterols play two major roles in plants: a bulk component in biological membranes and precursors of plant steroid hormones. Physiological effects of plant steroids, brassinosteroids (BRs), include cell elongation, cell division, stress tolerance, and senescence acceleration. Arabidopsis mutants that carry genetic defects in BR biosynthesis or its signaling display characteristic phenotypes, such as short robust inflorescences, dark-green round leaves, and sterility. Currently there are more than 100 dwarf mutants representing 7 genetic loci in Arabidopsis. Mutants of 6 loci, dwf1/dim1/cbb1, cpd/dwf3, dwf4, dwf5, det2/dwf6, dwf7 are rescued by exogenous application of BRs, whereas bri1/dwf2 shares phenotypes with the above 6 loci but are resistant to BRs. These suggest that the 6 loci are defective in BR biosynthesis, and the one locus is in BR signaling. Biochemical analyses, such as intermediate feeding tests, examining the levels of endogenous BR, and molecular cloning of the genes revealed that dwf7, dwf5, and dwf1 are defective in the three consecutive steps of sterol biosynthesis, from episterol to campesterol via 5-dehydroepisterol. Similarly, det2/dwf6, dwf4, and cpd/dwf3 were shown to be blocked in $D^4$ reduction, 22a-hydroxylation, and 23 a-hydroxylation, respectively. A signaling mutant bri1/dwf2 carries mutations in a Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Interestingly, the bri1 mutant was shown to accumulate significant amount of BRs, suggesting that signaling and biosynthesis are dynamically coupled in Arabidopsis. Thus It is likely that transgenic plants over-expressing the rate-limiting step enzyme DWF4 as well as blocking its use by BRI1 could dramatically increase the biosynthetic yield of BRs. When applied industrially, BRs will boost new sector of plant biotechnology because of its potential use as a precursor of human steroid hormones, a novel lead compound for cholesterol-lowering effects, and a various application in plant protection.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.98-98
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• 2017

Leaf senescence is the process of aging in plants. Chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence has the important role translocating nutrients from leaves to storage organs. The functional stay-green with slow leaf yellowing and photosynthesis activity maintenance has been considered one of strategy for increasing crop productivity. Here, we have identified two QTLs on chromosome 9 and 10 for leaf senescence with chlorophyll content of RIL population derived from a cross between Hanareum 2, early leaf senescence Indica-type variety, and Unkwang, delayed leaf senescence Japonica variety. Among these QTLs, we chose qPLS1 QTL on chromosome 9 for further study. qPLS1 was found to explain 14.4% of the total phenotypic variation with 11.2 of LOD score. Through fine-mapping approach, qPLS1 QTL locus was narrowed down to about 25kb in the marker interval between In/del-4-7-9 and In/del-5-9-4. There are 3 genes existed within 25kb of qPLS1 locus: LOC_Os09g36200, LOC_Os09g36210, and LOC_Os09g36220. Among these genes, transcript level of LOC_Os09g36200 was increased during the leaf senescence stage and the expression level of LOC_Os09g36200 in Indica was higher than in Japonica. Finally, we chose LOC_Os09g36200 as candidate gene and renamed it as OsPLS1-In and OsPLS1-Jp from Indica- and Japonica-type rice, respectively. OsPLS1-In and OsPLS1-Jp overexpressing transgenic plants showed both early leaf senescence phenotype. These results indicate that OsPLS1 functions in chlorophyll degradation and the difference of expression level of OsPLS1 cause the difference of leaf senescence between Indica and Japonica in rice.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2012

형질전환 작물 개발시, 위해성 평가에 영향을 미치게 될 요인들을 파악하고, 이에 대한 과학적 근거의 마련을 위한 실험 자료 생산계획의 확립과 실험을 진행하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 유전자변형작물을 개발한 후 정부의 승인을 위한 과학적이고 신뢰할 만한 자료를 축적하기 위해서는 오랜 기간과 많은 자본이 투입된다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 CMV 저항성 유전자변형 고추에 대한 평가분석 연구를 통해 유전자변형작물의 환경위해성 평가를 수행하는데 있어 도입유전자 확인을 위한 평가서 작성을 위해 요구되는 서던 분석을 위한 탐침 포화, 도입유전자의 발현 해석을 위한 RT-PCR, ELISA 실험에 관한 사례를 제시하고자 하였다. 서던 분석을 위해 삽입 유전자 전체 서열의 확인이 가능한 10개의 부분적으로 겹치는 탐침을 제작하였다. 서던 분석 결과, 고추에 도입된 외래유전자가 단일사본으로 존재하여, 게놈전체에서 도입된 위치 이외에 상동성을 갖는 다른 조각 부위가 없음을 확인하였으며, 도입유전자 전체의 안정성을 확실히 입증할 수 있었다. 그와 더불어, 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 및 효소면역법 실험을 통하여, CMV 저항성 고추의 잎, 과실 등과 같은 주요 기관에서의 삽입 유전자에 대한 안정적인 발현을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

Sterols play two major roles in plants: a bulk component in biological membranes and precursors of plant steroid hormones. Physiological effects of plant steroids, brassinosteroids (BRs), include cell elongation, cell division, stress tolerance, and senescence acceleration. Arabidopsis mutants that carry genetic defects in BR biosynthesis or its signaling display characteristic phenotypes, such as short robust inflorescences, dark-green round leaves, and sterility. Currently there are more than 100 dwarf mutants representing 7 genetic loci in Arabidopsis. Mutants of 6 loci, dwf1/dim1/cbb1, cpd/dwf3, dwf4, dwf5, det2/dwf6, dwf7 are rescued by exogenous application of BRs, whereas bri1/dwf2 shares phenotypes with the above 6 loci but are resistant to BRs. These suggest that the 6 loci are defective in BR biosynthesis, and the one locus is in BR signaling. Biochemical analyses, such as intermediate feeding tests, examining the levels of endogenous BR, and molecular cloning of the genes revealed that dwf7, dwf5, and dwf1 are defective in the three consecutive steps of sterol biosynthesis, from episterol to campesterol via 5-dehydroepisterol. Similarly, det2/dwf6, dwf4, and cpd/dwf3 were Shown to be blocked in $D^4$ reduction, 22a-hydroxylation, and 23 a-hydroxylation, respectively. A signaling mutant bri1/dwf2 carries mutations in a Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Interestingly, the bri1 mutant was shown to accumulate significant amount of BRs, suggesting that signaling and biosynthesis are dynamically coupled in Arabidopsis. Thus it is likely that transgenic plants over-expressing the rate-limiting step enzyme DWF4 as well as blocking its use by BRI1 could dramatically increase the biosynthetic yield of BRs. When applied industrially, BRs will boost new sector of plant biotechnology because of its potential use as a precursor of human steroid hormones, a novel lead compound for cholesterol-lowering effects, and a various application in plant protection.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2002

Sterols play two major roles in plants: a bulk component in biological membranes and precursors of plant steroid hormones. Physiological effects of plant steroids, brassinosteroids (BRs), include cell elongation, cell division, stress tolerance, and senescence acceleration. Arabidopsis mutants that carry genetic defects in BR biosynthesis or its signaling display characteristic phenotypes, such as short robust inflorescences, dark-green round leaves, and sterility. Currently there are more than 100 dwarf mutants representing 7 genetic loci in Arabidopsis. Mutants of 6 loci, dwf1/dim1/cbb1, cpd/dwf3, dwf4, dwf5, det2/dwf6, dwf7 are rescued by exogenous application of BRs, whereas bri1/dwf2 shares phenotypes with the above 6 loci but are resistant to BRs. These suggest that the 6 loci are defective in BR biosynthesis, and the one locus is in BR signaling. Biochemical analyses, such as intermediate feeding tests, examining the levels of endogenous BR, and molecular cloning of the genes revealed that dwf7, dwf5, and dwf1 are defective in the three consecutive steps of sterol biosynthesis, from episterol to campesterol via 5-dehydroepisterol. Similarly, det2/dwf6, dwf4, and cpd /dwf3 were shown to be blocked in D$^4$reduction, 22a-hydroxylation, and 23 a-hydroxylation, respectively. A signaling mutant bril/dwf2 carries mutations in a Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Interestingly, the bri1 mutant was shown to accumulate significant amount of BRs, suggesting that signaling and biosynthesis are dynamically coupled in Arabidopsis. Thus it is likely that transgenic plants over-expressing the rate-limiting step enzyme DWF4 as well as blocking its use by BRIl could dramatically increase the biosynthetic yield of BRs. When applied industrially, BRs will boost new sector of plant biotechnology because of its potential use as a precursor of human steroid hormones, a novel lead compound for cholesterol-lowering effects, and a various application in plant protection.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2009

Our previous study suggested that OsBWMK1, a gene which encodes a member of the rice MAP kinase family, generates transcript variants which show distinct expression patterns in response to environmental stresses. The transcript variants are generated by alternative splicing and by use of alternative promoters. To test whether the two alternative promoters, pOsBWMK1L (promoter for the OsBWMK1L splice variant) and pOsBWMK1S (promoter for the OsBWMK1S splice variant), are biologically functional, we analyzed transgenic plants expressing GUS fusion constructs for each promoter. Both pOsBWMK1L and pOsBWMK1S are biologically active, although the activity of pOsBWMK1S is lower than that of pOsBWMK1L. Histochemical analysis revealed that pOsBWMK1L is constitutively active in most tissues at various developmental stages in rice and Arabidopsis, whereas pOsBWMK1S activity is spatially and temporally restricted. Furthermore, the expression of pOsBWMK1S::GUS was upregulated in response to hydrogen peroxide, a plant defense signaling molecule, in both plant species. These results suggest that the differential expression of OsBWMK1 splice variants is the result of alternative promoter usage and, moreover, that the mechanisms controlling OsBWMK1 gene expression are conserved in both monocot and dicot plants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2009

The transcription of soybean (Glycine max) calmodulin isoform-4 (GmCaM-4) is dramatically induced within 0.5 h of exposure to pathogen or NaCl. Core cis-acting elements that regulate the expression of the GmCaM-4 gene in response to pathogen and salt stress were previously identified, between -1,207 and -1,128 bp, and between -858 and -728 bp, in the GmCaM-4 promoter. Here, we characterized the properties of the DNA-binding complexes that form at the two core cis-acting elements of the GmCaM-4 promoter in pathogen-treated nuclear extracts. We generated GUS reporter constructs harboring various deletions of approximately 1.3-kb GmCaM-4 promoter, and analyzed GUS expression in tobacco plants transformed with these constructs. The GUS expression analysis suggested that the two previously identified core regions are involved in inducing GmCaM-4 expression in the heterologous system. Finally, a transient expression assay of Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that the GmCaM-4 promoter produced greater levels of GUS activity than did the CaMV35S promoter after pathogen or NaCl treatments, suggesting that the GmCaM-4 promoter may be useful in the production of conditional gene expression systems.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2023

환경 스트레스 신호 인지부터 스트레스 반응 유전자의 발현에 이르는 신호전달 네트워크에 있어서, 스트레스 반응 프로모터의 cis-조절 요소와 거기에 결합하는 다양한 전사인자는 환경 스트레스에 대한 식물의 적응을 조절한다. 애기장대 AP2/ERF 전사인자 패밀리 중 그룹 VII ERF는 RAP2.12, RAP2.2, RAP2.3, AtERF73/HRE1, AtERF71/HRE2 유전자를 포함하며, 저산소 스트레스 반응에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 HRE1 프로모터의 저산소 반응 부위를 동정하였다. 이를 위해 1,000 bp, 800 bp, 600 bp, 400 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, 그리고 50 bp HRE1 프로모터 부위를 포함하는 벡터를 제작하여 프로모 터 활성을 분석한 결과, -200에서 -100 프로모터 부위가 HRE1의 저산소 반응에서 중요함을 확인하였다. HRE1의 -200에서 -100 프로모터 부위에는 저산소 반응 cis-조절 요소로 알려진 ERF-결합 부위와 DOF-결합 부위가 존재하는데, 이는 HRE1의 발현이 ERF 전사인자와 DOF 전사인자에 의해 조절될 수 있음을 시사한다. 전체적으로, 본 연구를 통해 HRE1 의 저산소 스트레스 반응에는 -200에서 -100 프로모터 부위에 존재하는 cis-조절 요소가 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1996년도 제10회 식물생명공학심포지움 고등식물 발생생물학의 최근 진보
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• pp.61-74
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• 1996

Human and monogastric animals can not synthesize 10 out of the 20 amino asids and therefor need to obtain these from their diet. The plant seed is a major source of dietary protein. It is particular important in their study to increase nutritional quality of the seed storage proteins. The low contents of lysine, asparagine and threonenein various cereal seeds and of cystein and methionine. In legume seeds is due to the low proportions of these amino acids in the major storage proteins, we have tried to apply the three strategies; (1) mutagenesis and selection of specific amino acid analogue resistance, (2) cloning and expression study of lysine biosynthesis related gene, (3) transfomation of lysine rich soybean glycinin gene. The 5-methyltryptophan (5MT) resistant cell lines, SAR1, SAR2 and SAR3 were selected from anther derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. "Sasanishiki"). Among these selected cell lines, two (SAR1 and SAR3) were able to grow stably at 200 mg/L of 5MT. Analysis of the freed amino acids in callus shows that 5MT resistant cells (SAR3) accumulated free tryptophan at least up to 50 times higher than those that of the higher than of SAS. These results indicated that the 5MT resistant cell lines are useful in studies of amino acid biosynthesis. Tr75, a rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Sasanishiki) mutant resistant to 5MT was segregated from the progenies of its initial mutant line, TR1. The 5MT resistant of TR75 was inherited in the M8 generations as a single dominant nuclear gene. The content of free amino acids in the TR75 homozygous seeds increased approximately 1.5 to 2.0 fold compared to wild-type seeds. Especially, the contents of tryptophan, phenylalanine and aspartic acid were 5.0, 5.3 and 2.7 times higher than those of wild-type seeds, respectively. The content of lysine is significantly low in rice. The lysine is synthesized by a complex pathway that is predominantly regulated by feedback inhibition of several enzymes including asparginase, aspatate kinase, dihydrodipicolinat synthase, etc. For understanding the regulation mechanism of lysine synthesis in rice, we try to clone the lysine biosynthetic metabolism related gene, DHPS and asparaginase, from rice. We have isolated a rice DHPS genomic clone which contains an ORF of 1044 nucleotides (347 amino acids, Mr. 38, 381 daltons), an intron of 587 nucleotides and 5'and 3'-flanking regions by screening of rice genomic DNA library. Deduced amino acid sequence of mature peptide domain of GDHPS clone is highly conserved in monocot and dicot plants whereas that of transit peptide domain is extremely different depending on plant specie. Southern blot analysis indicated that GDHPS is located two copy gene in rice genome. The transcripts of a rice GDHPS were expressed in leaves and roots but not detected in callus tissues. The transcription level of GDHPS is much higher in leaves indicating enormous chloroplast development than roots. Genomic DNA clones for asparaginase genes were screened from the rice genomic library by using plaque hybridization technique. Twelve different genomic clones were isolated from first and second screening, and 8 of 12 clones were analyzed by restriction patterns and identified by Southern Blotting, Restriction enzyme digestion patterns and Southern blot analysis of 8 clones show the different pattern for asparaginase gene. Genomic Southern blot analysis from rice were done. It is estimated that rice has at least 2-3 copy of asparaginase gene. One of 8 positive clones was subcloned into the pBluescript SK(+) vector, and was constructed the physical map. For transformation of lysine rich storage protein into tobacco, soybean glycinin genes are transformed into tobacco. To examine whether glycinin could be stably accumulated in endosperm tissue, the glycinin cDNA was transcriptionally fused to an endosperm-specific promotor of the rice storage protein glutelin gene and then introduced into tobacco genomic via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Consequently the glycinin gene was expressed in a seed-and developmentally-specific manner in transgenic tobacco seeds. Glycinin were targeted to vacuole-derived protein bodies in the endosperm tissue and highly accumulated in the matrix region of many transgenic plant (1-4% of total seed proteins). Synthesized glycinin was processed into mature form, and assembled into a hexamer in a similar manner as the glycinin in soybean seed. Modified glycinin, in which 4 contiguous methionine residues were inserted at the variable regions corresponding to the C - teminal regions of the acidic and basic polypeptides, were also found to be accumulated similarly as in the normal glycinin. There was no apparent difference in the expression level, processing and targeting to protein bodies, or accumulation level between normal and modified glycinin. glycinin.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1390-1394
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• 2008

선행연구에서 Arabidopsis thaliana $Ca^{2+}/H^+$ 역수송체 유전자인 CAX 1 ($\underline{ca}tion$ $e{\underline{x}}changer$ 1)이 도입된 벼 형질전환체의 $T_3$ 종자는 대조구에 비해 $2.7{\sim}7.5$배 정도 높은 칼슘을 함유하고 있음을 확인한 바 있다. 이 $T_3$ 종자 유래 현미의 생리학적 안전성을 조사하기 위해, 일품현미를 대조구로 하여 생쥐 식이 실험을 수행하고 체중 및 말초 백혈구 수의 변화를 조사하였다. 일 개월 동안의 식이의 결과, $T_3$ 현미의 경우는 체중의 변화량 혹은 말초 백혈구의 수에 있어서 대조구인 일품현미의 경우와 거의 차이가 없었다. 체액성 면역능의 지표인 플라크-형성능, 복강 대식세포의 수, 그리고 NK 세포의 활성도 등을 비롯한 면역기능에 대한 영향에 있어서도 대조구와 유사하였다. 아울러 혈액의 생화학적 분석조사에서도 두 실험군 사이에 별다른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과는 GMO 벼 유래의 $T_3$ 현미가 생리학적으로 안전하며 또한 칼슘함량이 강화된 동물사료 혹은 식품으로 적용될 수 있는 잠재능이 있음을 시사한다. 한편 장기적 안전성에 대한 평가를 위해서는 좀 더 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.