• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2000

Background: For terminal cancer pain management, controlled-release oral morphine (morphine sulfate tablet, MST) is a simple and convenient regimen. Recently, fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS, transdermal fentanyl) has been developed and became one of the alternative ways of providing adequate pain relief. This open prospective study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of MST and transdermal fentanyl in the management of terminal cancer pain. Methods: In this open comparative and randomized study, 64 terminal cancer patients received one treatment for 15 days, controlled-release oral morphine (MST group) or fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS group). Daily diaries about the vital sign, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, opioids requirement, co-anagesics, adjuvant drugs and adverse effects were completed with 24 patients in MST group, 18 patients in F-TTS group. Results: The majority of patients in both treatment groups were late-stage cancer and their distribution was not different in both groups. Daily opioids requirement was 126.4 mg in MST uced in F-TTS group (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea, vomiting and constipation was lower in F-TTS group (P<0.05). Patients satisfaction was similar, but F-TTS patient group favored continous use of same treatment compared with MST group after the study was finished. Conclusions: Transdermal fentanyl seems to be safe and similar analgesic effect to controlled-release oral morphine for the control of the terminal cancer patients. However, transdermal fentanyl provides a simpler and more convenient especially in respect to constipation, nausea & vomiting. To determine the exact analgesic effect, cost-effectiveness and complications, controlled trials should be followed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as Nicotinic acid N-oxide in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.527-536
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• 1993

The characteristics of the controlled drug release were studied for biodegradable transdermal drug delivery system. A biodegradable polymeric matrix was prepared from chitosan, silver sulfadiazine, and glycerine. The release behavior of silver sulfadiazine from chitosan matrix was consistent with the Higuchi's diffusion controlled model. The release time was delayed by increasing the content of silver sulfadiazine and thickness of the matrix, whereas decreased as glycerine concentration increased. The apparent constant (K) of release rate was proportional to the content of drug or glycerine and the thickness of chitosan matrix. These results indicated that chitosan matrix shows some potential as a drug delivery system for transdermal therapeutic application.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2000

We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying drug delivery system(DDS). Natural gums were selected as material of TTS. The permeation of natural gums ointment containing drug in rat skin using diffusion cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water soluble drug such as riboflavin in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. Since dermis has more hydration than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when glycerin was used in riboflavin. The permeation rate of content enhancer and drug was found to be faster than that of content riboflavin only. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. All the gum ointment tested showed good safety. Proper selection of the materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2010

New biological treatments were being developed at a record place, but their potential could be compromised by a significant obstacle: the delivery of these drugs into a body. Pharmaceutical delivery is now nearly as important as product. New systems are being developed, and Drug Delivery Markets Series cover these new systems. Transdermal Delivery System(TDS) is often used as a method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. An approach used to delivery drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to oral, intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other methods of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharides, such as karaya gum and glucomannan, were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in fibric acid(ciprofibrate) such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. Especially, this result suggests a possible use of polysaccharide gel ointment matrix as a transdermal delivery system of anti-hyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.409.2-409.2
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• 2002

Retinol is widely used for skin care. the improvement of the appearance of aging. photo-damaged or oxidatively stressed skin. and especially for the improvement of the appearance of wrinkled skin. Retinol. however. is extremely sensitive to atmospheric oxygen. and easily decomposed by exposure to air. Retinol is commonly formulated as the ointments or creams for cosmetic preparations. (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2000

Transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. Natural polymer were selected as ointment material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of natural polymer ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as oxiniacic acid in vitro. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer ointment base as TTS of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 2001

Recently, there were many studies not only to enhance drug delivery effect but to reduce side effect. Drug delivery system(DDS) is able to improve efficiency with decreasing side effect of drug dosage. Among these application fields, DDS is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying DDS. We investigated the permeation of xanthan gum containing drug in rat skin using borizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug with oxiniacic acid and also for lipophilic drug with clofibrate. The permeation rate of lipophilic drug was found to be faster than that of water-soluble drug in vitro. The rate differences of both water-soluble drug and lipophilic drug according to drug content were negligible. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. These results showed that skin permeation rate of each drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of base and chemical property of drug etc.. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. This result suggests a possible use of natural polymer base as a transdermal delivery system of antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1999

We have studied the transdermal flux of prostaglandin $E_1$ $(PGE_1)$ from a hydrogel patch through hairless mouse skin, to test the possibility of developing a transdermal delivery system. Karaya gum patch containing $PGE_1$ was prepared by casting method. $PGE_1$ was stable in the patch for 10 weeks. The effect of current application, enhancer (propylene glycol monolaurate : PGML), adhesive and patch thickness on the flux was studied using side-by-side diffusion cell. Passive flux of $PGE_1$ was negligible. Cathodal delivery increased the flux about 20 fold. As the concentrations of PGML increased, flux increased. When 5% PGML was used as the enhancer, maximum flux by cathodal iontophoresis was $55\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$. It increased about 2 folds to $100\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$, when the amount of PGML used was 9%. Large increase in flux and the decrease in time to reach maximum flux were observed when the skin was pretreated with neat PGML (maximum flux obtained was about $200\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$). Use of adhesive decreased the flux significantly. To the contrary of our expectation, increase in current density decreased the flux. These flux data together with the stability data indicate that, though the onset of sufficient delivery occur after 1-2 hours of application, therapeutic amount of $PGE_1$ can be delivered through skin using iontophoresis and penetration enhancer.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2010

Osteoporosis was traditionally defined by the occurrence of nontraumatic fractures, especially of the spine, in the setting of low bone mass. Bisphosphonates are an important group of therapeutic agents for the management of osteoporosis, as they inhibit bone resorption and increase bone density, thereby potentially decreasing fracture risk. Risedronate sodium is a bisphosphonate class used by oral formulation. In this study, risedronate was transdermally delivered by iontophoresis. Effects of polarity, pH, current density, and drug concentration were studied using a side-by-side diffusion cell including the hairless mice skin. In addition we studied effect of enhancers. The flux was evaluated by HPLC/UV system. The amount of transported drug under iontophoretic delivery was approximately 186 fold higher than that under passive delivery. Flux was proportional to the increase of drug concentration and current density. The flux was observed about 0.68mg/$cm^2$ when the amout of Propyleneglycol monolaurate (PGML) used 1% as enhancer. Results indicated that iontophoresis is an effective method for transdermal administration of risedronate sodium