• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.699-704
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• 2006

Twenty-four cannulated Small-tailed Han${\times}$Poll Dorset wethers (BW $47.5{\pm}2.1kg$) were used to determine the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (40:60 vs. 70:30), monensin supplementation (0, 15 or 30 ppm, DM basis) and interactions of these two factors on cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid (trans11-$C_{18:1}$) concentrations in ruminal contents and plasma in sheep. The experiment was designed as a $2{\times}3$ factorial. The diet contained Chinese wild rye grass hay (Aneurolepidium Chinese), cracked corn, soybean meal, NaCl, limestone and trace mineral premix. Dietary crude fat and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2n-6}$) were adjusted with soybean oil to about 7.0% and 24.0 mg/g (DM basis), respectively. High forage diets increased (p<0.001) the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in ruminal contents and plasma. Monensin supplementation increased (p<0.001) the concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ in ruminal contents, but had no effect on that of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.019) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA (p<0.022) in plasma increased with dietary monensin levels. Interactions of forage: concentrate ratio and monensin level tended to affect the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.091) and $C_{18:2n-6}$ (p<0.083) in ruminal contents. Increasing forage levels increased the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the rumen. Supplementing with monensin increased the ruminal production of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in plasma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1604-1609
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• 2003

A metabolism trial with four ruminally fistulated sheep was conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the effect of concentrate to roughage ratio (70:30 vs. 85:15) and oil source (soybean oil vs. rapeseed oil) on the ruminal fermentation pattern and $C_{18}$-fatty acids composition including trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (trans11-ODA) and cis9, trans11-18:2 (cis9, trans11-CLA) in the rumen fluid and plasma. Oil was added to the concentrate at 5% level of the total diet (DM basis) and chopped rye grass hay was fed as roughage. An increased level of concentrate (85%) within supplemented oil slightly lowered pH but increased ammonia concentration. Supplementation of rapeseed oil relatively increased pH and ammonia concentration. Higher concentrate level resulted in increased tendencies of total VFA concentration while oil source did not affect the total VFA concentration and VFA proportion. Whole tract digestibilities of DM, CP, EE, NDF and OM in diets slightly increased at higher concentrate level. Proportions of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) in the rumen fluid were influenced by the fatty acid composition of oil source but oil source did not affect the in vitro formations of trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA. Slightly increased trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions, however, were observed from the sheep fed high roughage diet supplemented with both soybean oil and rapeseed oil. The $C_{18:1}$ and $C_{18:2}$ composition in supplemented oils responded to those in plasma of sheep. Effects of concentrate to roughage ratio and oil source on trans11-ODA and cis9, trans11-CLA proportions in plasma were found to be small. Proportion of cis9, trans11-CLA in plasma tended to be increased from the sheep fed high roughage diet and collection time at 9h post feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2003

The effects of dietary sources of C18:2 n-6 or C18:3 n-3 fatty acids on the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and time-dependent changes of free fatty acid fractions in rumen contents were investigated. Sheep (n=4) fitted with rumen fistula were used in a 44 Latin square design wxith each 14 d period. Sheep were fed one of four diets consisting of grass hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 100% concentrates (served as the control), and concentrates were replaced by safflower seed at 30% (SFS), safflower meal at 18% - safflower oil at 12% (SFO), and safflower meal at 18%-linseed oil at 12% (LNO). At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after feeding. The levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction were considerably increased in all treated groups relative to the control, but not significantly. The increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA was slightly higher in SFS and SFO groups than group fed diet containing linseed oil. The level of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction was reached to the maximum value at 1hr after feeding and, thereafter gradually decreased to near the value before feeding. The generation of trans-11 C18:1 was significantly higher in all treated groups than that of control. The level of trans-11 C18:1 was linearly increased after feeding of experimental diets, reaching the maximum value at 3 h. Feeding of diets containing polyunsaturated fats to sheep resulted in a marked increase in the levels of trans-11 C18:1 and a slight increase of CLA in free fatty acid fraction of rumen contents. Our results support that endogenous synthesis of CLA from trans-11 C18:1 may be involved the primary source of CLA in dairy product. (Asian-Aust.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1694-1698
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to identify biohydrogenation pathways for linoleic, linolenic, oleic and stearic acids by Orpinomyces species of rumen fungus during in vitro culture. Biohydrogenation of linoleic acid produced conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2), which was then converted to vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) as the end product of biohydrogenation. Biohydrogenation of linolenic acid produced cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 C18:3 and trans-11, cis-15 C18:2 as intermediates and vaccenic acid as the end product of biohydrogenation. Oleic acid and stearic acid were not converted to any other fatty acid. It is concluded that pathways for biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids by Orpinomyces are the same as those for group A rumen bacteria.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2009

In this research, fatty acid composition and trans fatty acids of 22 selected meat products produced by Turkish companies were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total fat contents of the meat products ranged from 11.60-42.50%. Salami had the lowest fat content 11.60% and sucuk (soudjuk) the highest 42.50%. Major fatty acids were C$_{16:0}$, C$_{18:0}$, trans C$_{18:1}$, cis C$_{18:1}$, and C$_{18:2}$ in the samples. Total unsaturated fatty acid contents have changed from 38.73 to 70.71% of total fatty acids, and sausage had the highest percentage among the samples. The majority of samples contain trans fatty acids and the level ranged from 2.28 to 7.95% of the total fatty acids. The highest amount of total trans fatty acids was determined in kavurma (Cavurmas) (7.95%), and total trans fatty acids of meat products such as pastrami contained more than 5% of the total fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1529-1536
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• 2004

한국인 상용 가공식품의 trans 지방산 함량에 대한 기초자료를 구축하기 위해 한국인의 상용 가공식품 중 마가린 6종, 쇼트닝 2종, 라드 2종, 햄버거 4종, 도너츠 4종, 식빵 2종, 구운 과자 4종, 유탕 스낵 10종, 초콜렛 6종, 땅콩제품 4종, 전자렌지용 팝콘 2종, 닭튀김 4종, 감자튀김 4종, 치즈 2종 등 총 56종을 선정하여 Soxhlet 추출 방법에 의한 총 지방 함량과 ATR-IR 방법에 의해 trans 지방산 함량을 분석한 후 마가린 6종, 쇼트닝 2종 및 라드 2종 등 총 10종의 식품을 GC/MS로 trans 지방산 함량 및 이성체를 확인하였다. IR 분석에 의한 마가린의 총 지방 중 trans 지방산 함량은 5.03~32.73%인데 반해 쇼트닝은 1.98~11.33%, 라드는 1.70~1.96% 함유하고 있었다. 햄버거가 0~5.43%, deep frying류인 도너츠가 0.74~11.10%였다. 구운 과자의 trans 지방산 함량이 7.37~26.54%인 반면 쵸코렛에서는 검출되지 않았다. 닭튀김의 trans 지방산 함량이 0.44~14.85%였으며, 감자튀김은 5.18~27.01%로 상대적으로 높은 함량을 보였다. 치즈의 trans 지방산 함량은 11.34~12.88%이었으나 바싹한 과자와 쵸코렛에서는 trans 지방산 함량이 검출되지 않았다. 1회 섭취 분량 중에 trans 지방산을 2 g 정도를 함유하고 있는 식품에는 도너츠, 유탕스낵(tortilla), 전자렌지용 팝콘, 감자 튀김 등이 있다. GC/MS 방법에 의한 마가린의 총 지방 중 trans 지방산 함량은 8.27~28.53%, 쇼트닝은 8.81~9.17%, 라드는 6.03~8.00%를 함유하고 있었다. 마가린의 trans 지방산 이성체로는 C18:1t의 함량이 총 이성체 중 70.03%를 차지하였으며 쇼트닝과 라드는 C18:1t과 C18:2t의 함량이 각각 50.45와 37.64%, 32.43%와 47.37%였다. C18:1t의 함량이 현저히 높은 마가린의 경우 GC/MS 방법보다는 IR 방법에서 trans 지방산 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, C18:2t과 C18:3t의 함량이 높은 쇼트닝과 라드의 경우 상대적으로 GC/MS 방법에서 IR 방법에 비해 높은 trans 지방산 함량을 보였다. 두 방법 간의 상관성은 $r^2$=0.91이었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.521-532
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• 2006

본 실험은 대두유 또는 아마유를 in vitro 방법으로 배양 할 때, 탄수화물원의 첨가수준이 반추위 박테리아에 의한 bio-hydrogenation과 CLA 생성에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 4수준(0%, 0.3%, 0.6% 그리고 0.9%, w/v)의 혼합된 탄수화물원(glucose, cellobiose, soluble starch, 1:1:1, w/w/w)과 두 종류의 oil을 cellulose powder에 흡착시킨 형태로 각각 60mg씩 인공타액(120ml)과 반추위액(30ml)이 혼합된 배양액(150ml)에 넣은 다음 39℃에서 12시간동안 혐기적으로 배양하였다. 배양액의 pH와 암모니아 농도는 두 종류 oil을 첨가한 배양액 모두에서 탄수화물원의 첨가 수준이 높을수록 pH와 암모니아 농도가 낮았다(P<0.05). 탄수화물원의 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 total VFA 생성량 역시 증가되었으나(P<0.01) 첨가한 oil 간의 차이는 없었다. 배양시간이 경과됨에 따라 탄수화물원의 첨가수준이 높을수록 propionate의 조성비율이 증가된 반면(P<0.001) acetate와 butyrate의 조성비율은 감소되었다. 배양 후 3시간이 경과하였을 때 배양액 내 oleic acid의 조성비율은 대두유에 비하여 아마유를 첨가한 배양액에서 낮았으나(P<0.001) linoleic acid의 비율은 높았다(P<0.001). 이와는 달리 탄수화물원의 수준이 증가될수록 stearic acid(P<0.05), CLA(P<0.01) 및 cis-9, trans-11 CLA(P<0.001)의 조성비율은 감소되었으나, linoleic acid의 조성 비율은 증가되었다(P<0.05). Linolenic acid의 조성비율에 있어서는 첨가된 oil의 종류와 첨가된 탄수화물원의 수준간의 상호작용이 있는 것으로 나타났는데(P<0.001), 12시간의 배양종료 후 대두유 첨가구에 비해 아마유 첨가구에서 stearic acid(P<0.01), oleic acid(P<0.001), 그리고 trans-11C18:1(P<0.01)의 조성비율이 감소된 반면, linoleic acid(P<0.001)와 linolenic acid(P<0.01)의 조성비율은 증가되었다. 탄수화물원의 첨가수준이 증가될수록 stearic acid와 총 CLA의 조성비는 감소되었으나(P<0.01), trans-11-C18:1(P<0.05)와 linoleic acid(P<0.01)의 조성비율은 증가되었다. 배양 12시간 후 배양액 내의 oleic acid (P<0.05), linoleic acid(P<0.05) 및 linolenic acid(P<0.01)의 조성비율에 있어서는 첨가한 oil의 종류와 첨가한 탄수화물원의 수준간의 상호작용이 있었는데, 탄수화물원의 첨가수준이 감소됨에 따라 cis-9, trans-11 CLA와 trans-10, cis-12 CLA의 조성비 역시 감소되는 경향이었으나 첨가한 oil의 종류에 대한 영향은 거의 받지 않았다. 본 실험의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 탄수화물의 첨가수준과 oil의 첨가는 반추미생물의 bio-hydrogenation 작용 및 CLA 생성에 영향할 수 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2000

한국인 트란스 지방산 섭취량을 산출하는데 필요한 데이타 베이스 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 트란스 지방산의 주요 급원 식품인 마가린 25종, 쇼트닝 21종, 식물성 식용유지 19종, 제과류 53종, 제빵류 18종, 낙농제품 19종, 동물성 유지 및 육류 9종 등 총 164종에 대하여 트란스 지방산의 함량을 GLC에 의하여 정량하였다. 또한 이들 식품의 1회 분량당 트란스 지방산의 평균 함량을 산출하였고, 한국인 1인당 1일 트란스 지방산 섭취량을 추정하였다. 지방 100g당 트란스 지방산의 함량은 마가린 $2.11{\sim}33.83%$(평균 14.66%), 쇼트닝 $1.47{\sim}44.48%$(평균 14.21%), 식물성 식용유지 $0.18{\sim}3.82%$(평균 1.54%), 제과류 $0{\sim}45.81%$(평균 10.92%), 제빵류 $0{\sim}18.32%$(평균 7.87%), 낙농제품 $0.90{\sim}4.54%$(평균 2.27%), 동물성 유지 및 육류 $0.61{\sim}6.07%$(평균 2.24%)였다. 이들 시료 중 트란스 지방산 이성질체는 대부분이 $C_{18:1}$과 $C_{18:2}$였다. 1회분량당 트란스 지방산의 평균 함량은 마가린 0.74g, 쇼트닝 0.71g, 식물성 식용유지 0.08g, 제과류 0.57g, 제빵류 0.66g, 낙농제품 0.15g, 동물성 유지 및 육류 0.13 g이었다. 한국인의 1인당 1일 총 트란스 지방산 평균 섭취량은 약 2.3g였으며, 마가린에서 0.35g, 쇼트닝에서 0.57g, 식물성 식용유지에서 0.11g, 제과류에서 0.65g, 제빵류에서, 0.07g, 낙농제품에서 0.14g, 동물성 유지 및 육류에서 0.21g을 각각 섭취하는 것으로 추정되었다.왔다.시판 프로타민은 $470\;{\mu}g/mL$였다.는 않았다.정성을 나타내었으며, pH 9.0 및 $25^{\circ}C$의 분산매내에서 7일간 저장후에도 99% 이상의 미세캡슐이 안정한 상태로 존재함을 알 수 있었다.값을 나타내었으며, 24시간 경과 후 겔을 형성하여 겔화제로서의 이용 가능성을 보여주었다. 항산화 효과는 뚜렷한 상관관계가 발견되지 않았다.CaSO_4$, GDL, $MgCl_2$, $Ca-gluconate+MgCl_2$, $GDL+CaSO_4$ 첨가구는 0.3%에서, 그리고 $Ca-gluconate+CaSO_4$ 첨가구는 0.4%에서 높게 나타났으며 그 중 0.3% $GDL+CaSO_4$ 첨가구가 적당한 경도를 가지면서도 부드럽고 고소한 맛이 강하여 가장 높은 기호도를 나타내었다.cids은 $190^{\circ}C$까지는 $2.51{\sim}4.41$ ppm으로 거의 변화를 보이지 않다가 $210^{\circ}C$에서 18.92 ppm으로 급증하였고, 이후 $220^{\circ}C$에서 7.20ppm, $230^{\circ}C$에서 5.56 ppm으로 점진적으로 감소하였다. 이는 nonanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid등이 고온가열에 의해 생성되었다가 이들이 열분해로 소실되었기 때문으로 생각된다.평균치는 34점이었으며 여윔에서는 너무 살찜으로 갈수록 사회적 체형불안도가 상승하는 경향을 나타내었다. 후쿠오카 지역의 체형 불안 도가 대구지역보다 유의적으로 높았다. 한 일 여대생의 자기 체형인식 및 체형 불안도에 관한 비교연구에서 한국여대생이 일본여대생보다 평균 신장은 크고 평균체중은 적으며 이상적으로 생각하는 신장은 한국이

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic ($C_{18:2}$) oil or high linolenic ($C_{18:3}$) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, $62.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p<0.001) and milk fat yield (p<0.001) were significantly increased by supplementation of oils. Supplementation of oils decreased the short chain fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in goat milk fat while increased trans vaccenic acid (trans-11-$C_{18:1}$, TVA), oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$, cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA), trans-10, cis- 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA), unsaturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acid and long-chain fatty acid in goat milk fat (p<0.001). Especially, c9, t11-CLA, t10, c12-CLA and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid ($C_{18:3\;n-3}$) in milk fat were highest when goat fed LO diet. Based on the result, it is suggested that supplementation of linseed oil should be an effective method to increase CLA isomers and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in goat milk fat without negative effect on lactating performance.