• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 1997

Objects：This study investigated whether depression, anxiety and perceived parental rearing patterns of the conduct disorder patients are different from those of the normal control group. The correlations were also assessed between perceived parenting style and depression, anxiety, severity of conduct problems and age at onset of conduct disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods：Thirty hospitalzed patients who met the DSM-Ⅳ criteria of conduct disorder, and 30 normal control subjects completed self-report questionnaires containing the Children’s Depression Inventory(CDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAIC) and the Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI). Results：In the conduct disorder group, the results were as follows：1) The mean scores of CDI and STAIC-T(Trait) were not significantly different from those of the control group, but STAIC-S (State) showed significantly higher scores. 2) Parenting style was perceved to be less caring and more overprotective than in the control subjects. 3) There were negative correlations between maternal care and CDI and between maternal care and severity of conduct problems. 4) There were positive correlations between maternal overprotection and STAIC-T(Trait). 5) There were no correlations between paternal rearing patterns and depression, anxiety, severity of conduct problems, or age at onset of conduct disorder. Conclusion：We failed to identify depression and anxiety as common comorbid disorders in conduct disorder. Parental rearing patterns are thought to be significantly negativistic in conduct disorder group. It is guessed that less caring and more overprotective rearing style of parents, especially of mothers, could have much influence on depression and anxiety, more severe conduct problems and earlier age at onset of conduct disorder in the adolescents with conduct disorder.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2007

Purpose: It has been reported that children with chronic pain have higher levels of anxiety than age-matched controls. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the relationship between anxiety and recurrent abdominal pain in elementary school children. Methods: In 2005, we surveyed 1,254 elementary school children (592 boys and 662 girls) whose ages ranged from 7 to 12 years. The degree of trait and state anxiety was compared between agroup suffering from intermittent abdominal pain, a group suffering from recurrent abdominal pain and a normal control group following the Korean version of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory YZ form (STAI-YZ). Results: 709 (56.5%) and 69 (5.5%) of the patients reported intermittent abdominal pain and and recurrent abdominal pain, respectively, during the 12 month period before this study was conducted, and trait and state anxiety values for each of these groups was 116 (9.3%) and 63 (5.0%), respectively. In addition, the State-Trait Anxiety score was significantly higher in the group with intermittent abdominal pain and RAP than the anxiety score of the normal control group. Additionally, the STAI-YZ score increased in proportion to the severity of abdominal pain, but was not correlated with the duration, frequency, onset time or location of abdominal pain. Furthermore, the proportion of the group with abdominal pain in the group that had trait or state anxiety was significantly higher than the proportion of the group that did not have trait and state anxiety. Conclusion: Recurrent abdominal pain during childhood is correlated with state and trait anxiety, therefore, psychological factors, such as anxiety duringtreatment, must also be considered when determining the cause of recurrent abdominal pain.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of the Qigong training program on the anxiety and labor pains of primipara. Method: The research subjects were a total of 60 primipara who consulted a doctor regularly concerning their antenatal care. Among them, 30 people were the experimental group, and the other 30 people were the control group, and were selected as homogeneous with the experimental group. The degree of anxiety and labor pains were measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Graphic Rating Scale(GRS). SPSS WIN 11.0 was used for data analysis. Obstetric and general characteristics between experimental and control groups, and a homogeneity test of state and trait anxiety were done by both $X^2$ test and t-test. The hypothesis testing was analyzed by ANCOVA with a covariate of pretest value. Result: The first hypothesis, 'Primipara who join the Qigong training program have lower anxiety than those who do not join' was supported (F=28.8, p<.000). The second hypothesis, 'Primipara who join the Qigong training program have lower labor pain than those who do not join' was unsupported. Conclusion: It was verified that the Qigong training program was effective in alleviating anxiety; however it did not have any effect on relieving labor pain, so more in-depth research is needed later on.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2006

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether patients with temporomandibular disorder have more anxiety than normal people. Methods: Patients group(n=50) with TMD and normal group(n=30) without TMD and other disease completed STAl(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and there was comparison of mean scores between patients and normal groups. Results: The mean of total STAl scores of patients group was $91.32{\pm}20.32$, whereas that of normal group was $81.27{\pm}12.97(p<0.01)$. The mean of state-anxiety scores of patients group was $45.68{\pm}11.30$, whereas that of normal group was $40.70{\pm}7.28(p<0.05)$. The mean of trait-anxiety scores of patients group was $45.64{\pm}10.02$, whereas that of normal group was $40.57{\pm}7.22(p<0.05)$. There was a tendency that patients with TMD had more anxiety. So, doctors had better give attention to patients' anxiety when they treat the patients with TMD.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of CD-ROM education on anxiety and self-care compliance in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Method: This study used a nonequivalent control time difference design. A sample of 51 participants received both CD-ROM education (n=25) or booklet education (n=26) regarding spinal surgery procedure and postoperative self-care. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire containing State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Form Y-2), Visual analog scale, and self-care compliance. Result: The level of trait anxiety in the experimental group was not significantly different from that in the control group (t=-6.44, p=.523). The level of state anxiety in the experimental group was significantly lower than in that the control group according to time changes (F=4.17, p=.018). State anxiety showed significantly negative correlation to self-care compliance (r=-.30, p=.034). Conclusion: The education program using CD-ROM for spinal surgery patients can be applied to nursing practice for relieving state anxiety and promoting self-care compliance.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2007

Objectives : Studies have reported differences between depressed adults and controls in quantitative measures of EEG alpha asymmetry, but, there are few using Korean subjects. So, the present study compared EEG regional alpha asymmetries of patients having major depressive disorder(MDD) and normal controls. Methods : The subjects in this study were 11 unmedicated unipolar depressed patients and 11 non-depressed, age matched controls. Resting EEG(eyes closed and eyes open) was recorded from each participant using 8 scalp electrodes. Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HDRS), Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were used to evaluate depression and anxiety symptoms. Results : The severities of depression measured by self-report questionnaires were positively associated with those of anxiety(state and trait) ; The subjects were both anxious and depressed. Anxious-depressed patients differed from controls in alpha asymmetry at T4 channels. They showed evidence of greater activation over right than left temporal site. Conclusion : These findings are consistent with the previousely reported alpha asymmetry of depressed patients with an anxiety disorder. The failure to find the evidence of reduced right parietal activity in depression is presumed to be due to opposing effects of comorbid anxiety on parietotemporal activity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2011

Objectives：This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric problems in children with scholastic difficulties who had been referred for mental health services from the Office of Education in Ulsan Metropolitan City. Methods：Child psychiatrists evaluated the referred children using the DSM-IV. Evaluation tools included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Korean form of the State-trait anxiety Inventory for children, the ADHD rating. Results：Seventy-six children consisting of 64 boys (84.2%) and 12 girls (15.8%) participated in the study. The average age was 10.3 (SD=0.93) years old. Approximately 74% of the children referred for scholastic difficulties were diagnosed with mental retardation. The Axis I diagnosis among these children were ADHD (86.8%), depression (21.1%), learning disorder (9.2%), communication disorder (4.8%), pervasive developmental disorder (3.6%), internet addiction (1.3%), and mood disorder (1.3%). Their overall measure according to the Child Depression Inventory was 22.7 (SD=16.8), that for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was 33.3 (SD=7.9)/32.4 (SD=9.5), and that for the ADHD rating scale was 18.9 (SD=10.9). Conclusion：These results suggest that many children with scholastic difficulties have both complex psychiatric and educational problems.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

The purpose of this research was to measure the effect of a gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program on occupational stress and anxiety in working women aged 30 to 49 in Korea. Scientific methods were employed to test a gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program as treatment for working women in 30-40s to reduce their level of occupational stress and anxiety. The study involved 18 volunteer subjects ages of 30 to 49 years, randomly divided into two groups: (1) gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program, and (2) no program. Both groups completed a pre-test and a post-test of occupational stress scale and trait anxiety inventory. The outcome data was analyzed as qual1litative information using the SPSSPC+ computer program. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the result in order to verify the sameness between experienced group and controlled group of pre-test scores within the groups. Also U-test comparisons were used to analyze the treatment effects. The results of this investigation indicated that (1) occupational stress scores decrease after gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program on the treatment group, and (2) trait-anxiety scores decrease after gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program on the treatment group. In summary, the gestalt group meditation therapy intervention program for career women, aged 30 to 49, in Korea could reduce the subjects' occupational stress and anxiety.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3129-3133
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• 2012

Diagnosis and treatment procedures in cancers and resulting anxiety negatively affect the individual and the family. Particularly treatment methods may generate psychological symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the level of such symptoms in Turkish gynecologic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. A total of 41 patients who were referred to our gynecologic oncology research clinic between January-March 2012, receiving 3 months or more chemotherapy and who agreed to participate were enrolled in study. All the data were collected using a personal information form, Edmonton Symptom Assesment System and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Patients received highest point average from fatigue symptom ($6.53{\pm}2.67$) and lowest point average from dyspnea ($1.53{\pm}3.03$) according to Edmonton Symptom Assesment System. The mean State Anxiety score of patients was $43.1{\pm}9.77$ and mean Trait Anxiety score was $46.7{\pm}7.01$. Comparing symptoms of patients and mean State Anxiety score it was found that there was a statistically significant corelation with symptoms like pain (p<0.05), sadness (p<0.001), insomnia (p<0.05), state of well being (p<0.001) and dyspnea (p<0.05). Similarly comparing symptoms of patients and mean Trait Anxiety score demonstrated significant correlations for fatigue (p<0.05), sadness (p<0.01), insomnia (p<0.01) and state of well-being (p<0.01). As a result, patients with gynecological cancers experienced symptoms related to chemotherapy and a moderate level of anxiety. In accordance, appropriate interventions should recommended for the evaluation and improvement of anxiety and symptoms related to treatment in cancer patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 1998

This study was designed and undertaken to identify objectively the degree and relationship of anxiety, depression, & anger which are chief essential elements of emotional status in Hwabyung patients.The subjects in this study were 35 Hwabyung patients and 40 Non-Hwabyung persons, and for the assessment of anxiety, depression, & anger. We used Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS), Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory(STAXI).The results of this study are as follows:1. There were significant differences in the 18 items of SAS among 20 items between Hwabyung patients and the control group(p＜0.05 respectively).2. There were significant differences in the 13 items of SDS among 20 items between Hwabyung patients and the control group(p＜0.05 respectively).3. There were significant differences in the mean scores of SAS and SDS between Hwabyung patients and the control group(p＜0.001 respectively).4. There were significant differences in the mean scores of State Anger, Trait Anger, Trait Anger/Temperament, Anger-in & Anger-out counted by STAXI between Hwabyung patients and the control group (p＜0.001, p＜0.01, p＜0.001, p＜0.001, p＜0.05 respectively).5. There were significant relationships between State Anger & Anxiety, Anger-out & Trait Anger/Temperament, Depression & Anxiety(r=.43, r=.37, r=.64).