• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Vehicle exhaust is a dominant source of air pollutants in urban areas. Since people are easily exposed to vehicle exhaust particles while driving a car and/or traveling via public transportation, air pollution near traffic has been extensively studied in developed countries. In this paper, investigations on vehicle-related fine particulate air pollution at roadsides and on roads in Seoul, Korea were reviewed to understand air pollution near traffic. Comparison of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Seoul showed that roadside air is more contaminated than urban air, implying that exposure levels near vehicular emissions are more critical to sensitive persons. Concentrations of ultrafine particles and BC (black carbon) at roadsides of Seoul fluctuate highly for short durations, responding to traffic situations. Diurnal variations of ultrafine particles and BC concentrations at roadsides seem to be affected by traffic volume, mixing layer height, and wind speed. Concentrations of ultrafine particles and BC decrease as distance from the road increases due to dilution during transport. On-road air pollution seems to be more severe than roadside air pollution in Seoul. Since nearby traffic air pollution has not been well understood in Seoul, further studies including various vehicular air pollutants and representative locations are needed.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

Motor vehicle related air pollution has become more serious because of rapid increase of number of cars, specially in the urban area. The increase trend seems to be accelerated, however, the fact is that road conditions, parking facilities and traffic control systems are far behind coping with this situation. In spite of the lack of related basic data, urban transportation planning (UPT) and air pollution dispersion models were applied to predict air pollution level. In standard UPT model, trip generation, distribution, modal split and network assignment were estimated by experimental equations and appropriate models. The air pollution level in the central business area was believed to be higher and it will increase continuously due to the increase of traffic demand. To meet this situation, air pollution problem should be considered as a part of integrated plannings of urban plans or transportation plans as well as more stringent motor vehicle emission standards, have to be enforced.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-77
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• 2008

자동차를 중심으로 하는 도로교통량이 크게 늘면서 교통에 기인한 다양한 피해 현상들이 나타나고 있다. 특히 교통량이 집중되는 대도시에서는 교통에 기인한 도시민의 건강피해가 심각한 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 교통에 기인한 미세먼지의 피해를 직접적으로 받는 도시인구는 미세먼지의 주 발생원인 교통흐름이 있는 도로변에 가까이에 노출되는 도시민들이라고 보고 도시 공간 내에서 교통흐름과 미세먼지, 그리고 도시 통행인구의 공간적 분포를 분석하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 대기오염문제가 심각한 서울을 대상으로 교통에 기인한 미세먼지의 실태를 살펴보고, 서울을 둘러싸고 있는 경기도 일대에 대단위 주거지들이 밀집된 신도시들이 개발되면서 나타나는 인구분포와 통행패턴, 그리고 교통흐름 및 미세먼지 농도에 나타나는 공간적 변화와 이들 간의 공간적 관계를 종합적으로 파악하기 위하여 GIS를 적용하였다. 또한 교통카드 트랜잭션 데이터베이스에서 데이터마이닝기법으로 추출해낸 통행흐름 자료를 이용하여 통행시간별 통행인구분포도를 작성하고, 이를 바탕으로 교통에 기인한 미세먼지에 직접 노출하게 되는 도시인구를 산정하는 시 공간적 모형개발을 시도하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2006

The factor of air pollution in a large industrial city is not only manufactories but also, activities related to trucks. Sihwa National Industrial Complex is located in Siheung City; due to the industries, more diverse activities related to trucks occur in Siheung City than other cities. In particular, the new residential area in Siheung City is close to the industrial complex; so, the damage of this residential area is expected that it would be more serious and vulnerable than other areas. The aim of this study is to analyze influence of the air pollution by a truck in Siheung City. ISCST3 Model and Arc View program were used for this study and Siheung City was divided into 1,000 meter by 1,000 meter grid to analyze. Furthermore, this study suggested two reduction controls of air pollution in Siheung City, and analyzed the results from these reduction managements. The results of the present condition showed that residences located in north of Sihwa Industrial Complex are influenced by air pollution material. Furthermore, air pollution by trucks has affected on the residents which is near the road in Siheung City. Therefore, this study suggested two reduction controls by the Traffic System Management. The first alternative plan is setting the truck traffic limitation zone in the road that is located in south of resident areas and many trucks traffic. Next, the second alternative plan is setting freight truck way on the most traffic road to enter the industrial complex. The reduction effect of the first alternative is good on the residential area. And, the second alternate about freight truck way is divided passenger cars into trucks. Therefore, there are increase of average speed and decrease of average concentration, and spatial reduction effects found in wide areas.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2000

도로교통환경문제는 현대의 도시생활에 있어서 세계공통의 심각한 환경문제의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 도로교통환경문제, 특히 도로교통에 기인하는 대기오염문제의 평가를 위한 지원시스템을 개발하였다. 본 개발시스템은 GIS, 교통관련의 대기오염시뮬레이션모델, 예비적 대책들의 데이타베이스로 구성되어 있다. 대기오염시뮬레이션모델의 구축에 있어서, GIS지원환경은 연구대상지역의 대량의 공간정보의 처리와 실제위치상에서의 보다 정확한 대기오염의 계산이라는 점에서 유용한 툴(tool)을 제공할 수 있다. GIS지원시스템의 이러한 역할은 보다 효율적인 분석과 보다 합리적인 결정을 위하여 매우 유용한 것이다. 본 연구에서 개발된 시스템의 실용성은 이집트 카이로시의 도시권을 연구대상지역으로 적용함으로써 그 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2009

The traffic volume of Seoul is extremely high in comparison to other major cities in Korea, and the result has been harmful physical and mental exposure to pollution by Seoulites on a regular basis. The street air pollution is more important than the others, because the air pollution generated by street traffic directly impacts the health of nearby pedestrians. This problem requires urgent attention and resolution. Among the factors creating the air pollution originating from the street, is the configuration of streets, which have emerged as the most significant because it is related to air and pollutant dispersion. Therefore, this study was conducted under the assumption that street form affects the air quality. Study sites were classified by street characteristics, and air quality was analyzed in each class. Then the OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) was employed to simulate the relationship between street configuration and air quality of streets within the old city center and new city center in Seoul. After that this study analyzed the correlation between air pollution and the spatial configuration of urban streets (ex. street width, building height, building density, etc.) to determine their contributions to air pollution. The outcome of this study is as follows : First, the result that was derived from the correlation analysis between street configuration and air quality hewed that the air pollution of the street is influenced by the average height of building, width of the roads as well as traffic volume. On the roadside, the concentration level of $NO_2$ is mainly affected by the average height of building and the deviation of building height along the street and CO is affected by street width. The outcome of this study can be used as a basis for more sound urban design policies, and the promotion of desirable street environments for pedestrians.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.10.1-10.14
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• 2015

Recent cohort studies have relied on exposure prediction models to estimate individual-level air pollution concentrations because individual air pollution measurements are not available for cohort locations. For such prediction models, geographic variables related to pollution sources are important inputs. We demonstrated the computation process of geographic variables mostly recorded in 2010 at regulatory air pollution monitoring sites in South Korea. On the basis of previous studies, we finalized a list of 313 geographic variables related to air pollution sources in eight categories including traffic, demographic characteristics, land use, transportation facilities, physical geography, emissions, vegetation, and altitude. We then obtained data from different sources such as the Statistics Geographic Information Service and Korean Transport Database. After integrating all available data to a single database by matching coordinate systems and converting non-spatial data to spatial data, we computed geographic variables at 294 regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea. The data integration and variable computation were performed by using ArcGIS version 10.2 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA). For traffic, we computed the distances to the nearest roads and the sums of road lengths within different sizes of circular buffers. In addition, we calculated the numbers of residents, households, housing buildings, companies, and employees within the buffers. The percentages of areas for different types of land use compared to total areas were calculated within the buffers. For transportation facilities and physical geography, we computed the distances to the closest public transportation depots and the boundary lines. The vegetation index and altitude were estimated at a given location by using satellite data. The summary statistics of geographic variables in Seoul across monitoring sites showed different patterns between urban background and urban roadside sites. This study provided practical knowledge on the computation process of geographic variables in South Korea, which will improve air pollution prediction models and contribute to subsequent health analyses.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.336-337
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• 2010

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 1999

This paper aims to describe the characteristics of air pollution using air pollutants concentration and meteorological data observed at Kimhae from December 1996 to November, 1997. The results are as follows : The concentration distribution of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$), carbon monoxide(CO), particulate matter(PM-10), and nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) is high during the late fall and winter and low during the summer, but ozone concentration is low during the winter season and high during summer season except Jangma period and these distributions appear to be closely connected with insolation and the number of clear day. Diurnal variation of concentrations for sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide are high during the rush hours and nighttime and low during the daytime and these variations are distinct toward the winter season. And diurnal variation of nitrogen dioxide concentration has also same pattern and these patterns are closely related to the increasing traffic volume at rush hours. Diurnal variation of ozone concentration is generally increase for daytime and decrease for the late afternoon and are closely related to the insolation and photochemical reaction. The 24 hour average concentrations of air pollutant observed at Kimhae represented a positive correlation and a negative correlation for $O_3$ and also a negative correlation for the meteorological elements such as wind speed and cloud cover.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.100-122
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• 1986

Obtaining an available information on health concerns of parents of school-age children and furthermore developing the sound policy for the public on health education, this study was conducted during Nov.-Dec. 1985 in the four selected areas; Seoul, large, middle and small city, and farming and fishery villages for 3,337 parents of schoolchildren in Korea. In this study, parents complected a questionnaire containing 34 items related to health concerns(e.g. drinking alcohol, air pollution, cancer, etc. see Table 4 and Fig. 2). For each health items, respondents were asked to indicate a choice between three levels of concern; 'Very high concern,' 'Moderate concern,' 'Little concern', and 'No opinion'. An analysis of responses indicated that most of the top ten health concerns identified by parents as cancer, abortions among high school students, medical malpractice, water pollution, traffic accidents, air pollution, suicide of parents and homicide of offspring, heart disease, venereal diseases, and high blood pressure in that order. Those health problems about which respondents were least concerned were more closely related to the individual, such as drinking alcohol, smoking, tooth decay, gum disease, underweight, overweight. Of greater concern were more such as water pollution, abortions among high school students, air pollution, accidents, medical malpractice. For cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, various accidents, environmental pollution, parents showed high concern, however, for health issues which contributed as causative influences such as lung cancer from smoking and liver cirrhosis and traffic accidents from drinking alcohol showed less concern. Relationship between parent's residential areas, educational level and sex distribution and health concern showed little difference, however, for these issues parents identified as relatively high concern. Most parents stowed more concern in sex-related of family-related health issues such as abortions among high school students, suicide of parents and homicide of offspring.