• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.2959-2964
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• 2014

While several reproductive and lifestyle-related factors are already well-known as established risk factors for breast cancer, environmental factors have attracted attention only recently. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between the breast cancer incidences in females, the mortality rate and the number of motor vehicles on the one side and the consumption of gasoline which could work as a major source of air pollution at the other side. The breast cancer incidences and the mortality trends were compared with various indices of westernization like dietary patterns or industrialization with 10 years lag of time. Geographical variations with 10, 15 and 20 years lag of time were assessed between the breast cancer incidence in 2010 and the number of motor vehicles as well as the consumption of gasoline. The upward trend of motor vehicle numbers proved to be comparable to those of breast cancer incidence and mortality. However, the consumption of gasoline started to decrease since the mid-1990s. The geographic distribution of motor vehicle numbers and gasoline consumption in 1990 is in a positive correlation with the breast cancer incidence rates in 2010 and the 20-year lag time ($R^2$ 0.379 with the number of motor vehicles and 0.345 with consumption of gasoline). In a linear relationship between the breast cancer incidences in 2010 and the log transformed number of motor vehicles, the log transformed consumption of gasoline in 2000 also showed a positive relationship ($R^2$ 0.367 with the number of motor vehicles and 0.329 with consumption of gasoline). The results of the current study indicate that there may be a positive relation between the number of vehicles, gasoline consumption and the incidence of breast cancer from the aspects of long-term trends and geographical variation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.251-263
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical research trends in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Korean medicine (KM). Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Google Scholar and five Korean databases through May 2019, for studies on KM to treat PTSD. Clinical research that conducted KM treatment of PTSD patients were included. Two researchers independently conducted study selection and data extraction process. Results: Totally, eight studies were included in this review. Types of traumatic events that patients experienced included physical violence/threatening, traffic accidents, sexual violence and personal tragic events. KM interventions performed included acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, physical therapy, and KM-based psychotherapy. Treatment duration varied from two days to more than five months. Follow-up began at least one week to three months after the end of treatments. It was reported that the major psychological and/or somatic symptoms of PTSD, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, and musculoskeletal pain, subjectively improved, as well as other objective outcomes: Impact Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hwabyung Symptoms/characters, Electroencephalography (EEG) change, etc. Statistical studies were conducted in three studies only. Outcomes such as Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), BDI, and IES-R-K showed statistically significant improvement after KM treatments. There was no study reporting adverse events during or after the interventions. Conclusions: According to this review, diverse types of KM treatments have been used among PTSD patients in eight studies. The KM treatments effectively improved psychological and somatic symptoms of PTSD patients. However, the lack of high quality research as well as the lack of standardization of KM treatments for PTSD are limitations. Further methodologically robust clinical trials should be performed, and the standardization of KM treatments for PTSD should be sought.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_3
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• pp.873-885
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• 2022

The particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a hot topic around the world as it has been reported that PM is related to an increase in mortality and prevalence rates. In South Korea, the importance of PM has been recognized since the late 1990s, and various studies on PM have been conducted. This study investigated the PM research topics and trends for papers (D=2,764) published in Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) using topic modeling based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). As a result, a total of 10 topics were identified in the whole papers, and the PM research topics were classified as 'PM reduction (Topic 1)', 'Government policy and management (Topic 2)', 'Characteristics of PM (Topic 3)', 'PM model (Topic 4)', 'Environmental education (Topic 5)', 'Bio (Topic 6)', 'Traffic (Topic 7)', 'Asian dust (Topic 8)', 'Indoor PM (Topic 9)', 'Human risk (Topic 10)'. In particular, the proportion of papers on topics 'Government policy and management (Topic 2)', 'PM model (Topic 4)', 'Environmental education (Topic 5)', and 'Bio (Topic 6)' to the toal number of papers increased over time (linear slope > 0). The results of this study provide the new literature review methodology related to particulate matter and the history and insight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.417-426
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• 2019

Conventional visualization of PM (Particulate Matter)10 flows applies superimposition of concentration distribution maps and wind field maps. This method is efficient for small scale maps where only macro flow trends are of interest. However, in the case of urban areas, local flows are difficult to model at micro level using wind fields, and therefore different methods of flow extraction is deemed necessary. In this study, flow information is extracted and visualized directly from the PM10 density data by using the gravity model. This method has the advantage that additional information such as wind field is not necessary for estimating the intensity and direction of PM10 flow. The extracted spatio-temporal flow patterns of PM10 are analyzed with relation to traffic information.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2003

Recent worldwide trends show that tunnel length is getting longer, and the demand for longitudinal ventilation system with jet-fans in highway tunnels has also increased mainly due to the economic reasons. Improvements in vehicle engine subsequently reduced required ventilation rate(Qreq) which is the decisive factor in choosing the optimal ventilation system. Qreq contour map is a graph that defines the relationship among tunnel length, grade and required ventilation rate. It is important to understand the variation of Qreq in order to evaluate the characteristics of ventilation system with jet fans. Therefore this study aims at studying a graphical method for determining the characteristics of jet-fm ventilation system using Qreq contour map. Also, this study focuses on traffic composition on local highways.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 1998

With the renewed definition of "office". it's function and role has been reduced. Therefore. home oofices are beginning to draw people's attention. Office within the home is called SOHO (Small Office Home Office). SOHO has become possible with the development of information and telecommunication network technology. Recently. companies are adopting the SOHO system along with the trends of business restructuring. The SOHO offers workers to enjoy more flexible work time and enhance concentration thus improving jop efficiency. Companies will be able to cut down on fixed expenses and increase productivity. In addition. such working conditions will contribute to relieve traffic and environmental problems and furthermore it will make it possible to take advantage of potential workforce of women. the elderly and the handicapped. "Home Office" is expected to be one of the prevailing work system in the near future. Therefore. it is all the more important to study design problems including space design and furniture arrangement in order to improve work efficiency and provide a creative working environment. Moreover. architects and interior designers as well as experts on related fields such as information network. telecommunications. management and employment should continue to carry out joint researches for reasonable home office furniture and environment design.nd environment design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.220-221
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• 2017

The initial light emitting diode (LED) has been used as a display device for various mechanical devices due to its low power. The development of LED technology has made it possible to express color with high power and high brightness. Therefore, it is used as a display such as a traffic signal, a large electric signboard, and an automobile display, and is also adapted as an indoor or outdoor light source such as an incandescent or a fluorescent lamp which requires the high luminance. The bulb of marine lantern, which is used for the aids to navigation, was replaced to LED. The first marine LED lantern was manufactured using multiple LEDs. However, if the optical design is renewed by the development of LED or even if a few LEDs are used, it is possible to satisfy the brightness and the light distribution required by the marine LED lantern.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.63-72
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• 2008

Signalized intersections are operated without a signal preemption control strategy in Korea, thus there is no priority treatment for an emergency vehicle passing through the intersections. In this paper, a signal preemption control strategy is introduced to improve the safety and operational efficiency of an emergency vehicle. Using the micro simulation tool, the effects on delay and travel speed of the signal preemption control strategy are analyzed for various traffic conditions to identify the general performance trends. Then, another simulation analysis is performed to verify the feasibility of the control strategy using real network data collected from field study. Results show that the preemption control strategy provides the positive impact on emergency vehicles' operation, but the positive impact is reduced as the v/c ratios increase. As expected, the average delays of the normal vehicles are slightly increased, but the magnitude is not significant. Therefore, it is expected that the introduction of the preemption control strategy in Korea would produce the positive social benefits.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.53.1-53.6
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• 2019

Background: The nasal bone is the most protruding bony structure of the facial bones. Nasal bone fracture is the most common facial bone fracture. The high rate of incidence of nasal bone fracture emphasizes the need for systematical investigation of epidemiology, surgical techniques, and complications after surgery. The objective of this study is to investigate the current trends in the treatment of nasal bone fractures and the effectiveness of closed reduction depending on the severity of the nasal bone fracture. Patients and methods: A total of 179 patients with a nasal bone fracture from 2009 to 2017 were enrolled. Their clinical examination, patient's records, and radiographic images of nasal bone fractures were evaluated. Results: Patients ranged from children to elderly. There were 156 (87.2%) males and 23 (12.8%) females. Traffic accident (36.9%) was the most common cause of nasal fracture. Orbit fracture (44 patients, 24.6%) was the most common fracture associated with a nasal bone fracture. Complications after surgery included postoperative deformity in 20 (11.2%) patients, nasal obstruction in 11 (6.1%) patients, and olfactory disturbances in 2 (1.1%) patients and patients with more severe nasal bone fractures had higher rates of these complications. Conclusion: Closed reduction could be performed successfully within 2 weeks after injury.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2007

Prohibition of lane changes in bridges and tunnels have been many problems in throughputs of expressways caused by heavy vehicles and slow-moving traffics. Nevertheless, those are constructed actively by the general trends, which are preservation of environment and ecosystem are more important, because mountainous districts are about 70% across the whole extent of Korea. In this paper, the proper design standards for permission of lane changes in bridges and tunnels classified into structure, safe, and driver's conveniences are suggested as follows. 1. Right shoulder should have more than 2.5m in bridges and tunnels. 2. Sufficient equipments of guidance like as directional signs, fingerposts, variable message signs, and markings should be established to smooth and safe lane changes of drivers. 3. Snow melting systems should be established in bridges worried about freezing. 4. Tunnels must be not only satisfied standards for prevention of disasters (2004.11) and lighting rules (KSA 3703), but also established anti-freezing facilities in entrance and exit. 5. The drivers should have honed on their car lights.