• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.69-80
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• 2005

So far, there have been mary studies on human emotions and the emotional side of products in the field of emotional engineering. Contemporary emotion-related researches have focused mainly on the relationship between product aesthetics and the emotional responses elicited by the products, but little is known about emotions elicited from using the products. In this study we have extracted some emotional words that can come up during user interaction with a product and reveal emotional changes. Firstly, we assembled a set of emotional words that were sufficient to represent a general overview of Korean emotions, collected from various literature studies in the field of psychology, linguistics, emotional engineering. Secondly, we found emotional words from collecting user opinion on the website. In this study, we used heavy traffic websites such as shopping mall and mania sites. Finally the emotional words were collected from verbal protocols by using Think Aloud technique. The collected words were integrated according to standards and they were applied on evaluation survey twice for evaluating their appropriateness. This survey was conducted for identification of emotional expressions while using a product. Finally, we extracted 88 emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed while using products. And we categorized the 88 words to form 6 groups by using factor analysis. The 6 categories that were extracted as a result of this study, such as aesthetics, satisfaction in usability, novelty, uncomfortable- ness, pleasure and excellence were found to be user's representative emotions expressed while using products. It is expected that emotional words and user's representative emotions extracted in this study will be used as subjective evaluation data that is required to measure user's emotional changes while using a product.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.28-45
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to diagnose actual condition of preference of hair-styling, hair-styling techniques, management, grasping a consumer's consciousness, etc with women living in a city. The survey was gotten to a feminine customer who visited the ten of beauty-shops in shopping center. And statistical data about the actual condition of hair-styling preference realities, hair-styling method and style management was entered into the SPSS statistics analysis system. In brief, be as follows by the results of study. There showed significant difference that noted in hair-style information and basis alternative a beauty salon, there were able to know people whose age is from 20's to 40's got mainly an influence of public media very much and from 40's to 50's got mainly an influence of people around them. Basis alternative of a beauty salon showed significant difference to follow age categories. It appeared that introducing from people around them have a effect on the 20's and 30's, and 40's got an influence of convenience of traffic, and 50's got mainly the shortest distance. In an attitude toward a hair style, especially toward hair cut, a case to do hair cut was most a lot of in own selections, and its result was independent of age categories. The reason that wants to give a chance was most a lot of thinking without an age. Preference length of hair cut showed a significant difference according to age. In permanent section, own selections appeared most regardless of age. And in the permanent motive, also, to have a change appeared most regardless of age. And people had a preference natural to role up to setting regardless of age in permanent wave. In hair color section, women whose age is 20's, 30's, 40's had a motive for a change, on the other hand, 50's and their senior had a motive for a gray hair. Women of all over the age almost knew a fashion color, and they had a preference brown color. In a preference way along a hair color kind, there was a significant difference according to age, also. 20's and 30's did mainly 'semi-permanent coating' and 40's and 50's did mainly 'permanent hair color'. In a attitude about a hair-style management, the more age is young, the more a period is long term. And the more age is old, the more the outlay for price of cut is expensive. But, on the contrary, permanent price showed that the more age is young, the more the outlay for price of permanent is expensive. In hair color, the more age is old, the more a period is short and the more price is low.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.64-72
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• 2009

AMR(Automatic Meter Reading), which means that it reads the meter of electricity, gas, or water, etc at a remote place automatically through wired or wireless communication, has been studied in terms of Power Line Communication method and Local Area Wireless Communication method, etc. In this paper, we designed and implemented JCA(Java Card for AMR) capable of AMR, which is based on java Card technology indispensable to the ubiquitous world. In this paper, JCA follows standard transactional procedures offered by power supply company and manages power usage log and billing data, and is designed in order to satisfy EMV multi-functional specifications. Because JCA is a multi-functional smart card capable of post-issuance applets as an open platform, it is installed into other applications of affiliated concerns as well as credit card and traffic card applications. Not only the proposed JCA is a low cost system, compared to other AMR systems, but is capable of paying rates in advance or later by applying authentication and security function of java Card. In addition the proposed JCA system can create value added services such as affiliated services with corporate alliance.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-283
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• 2010

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have gained a lot of attention recently. Based on the characteristic of WMNs as a highly connected wireless infrastructure, many efforts from research organizations are made in order to improve the performance of the flow throughput in WMNs. Therefore, it is very critical issue to establish efficient routing paths for multiple concurrent ongoing flows. In this paper, we propose a general modeling methodology to analyze the end-to-end throughput of multiple concurrent flows by analytical calculation taking into account the carrier sensing behaviors, interference and the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function mechanism. After the comparison of the average service time for each successful transmission at each node, we analyze the bottlenecks of flows, and hence obtain the maximum end-to-end throughput of them. By using our proposed model, it is possible to predicate the throughput of several candidate routing paths for multiple concurrent ongoing data flows, so we can select the most efficient route that can achieve the highest throughput. We carry out simulations with various traffic patterns of multiple flows in WMNs to validate our modeling and our efficient route selection mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2005

Silk Road is the term involving all traffic roads connecting the East to the West, and ancient Korean culture has became globalized through Silk Road. In this paper, natural environment of Silk Road is considered as fundamental data in order to understand the Western culture introduced through Silk Road. Silk Road region is classified into Loess Plateau district; arid basin district; and high mountains district; Hesi Corridor(河西回廊) is the transition zone that the southeastern part of $W{\breve{u}}w{\bar{e}}i$(武威) is Loess Plateau district; other northwestern part is arid basin district Loess Plateau district, composed of homogeneous fines, has experienced dramatic soil loss by bringing under cultivation. At recent times, reforestation and construction of check-dam have been in operation to cope with this problems, Arid basin district; although at midlatitude, is desert climate because it is far from the ocean and is surrounded by high mountains. Oasis of Hesi Corridor is continuous linearly, but that of arid basin district is sporadic. In $H{\bar{a}}mi$ and $T{\breve{u}}l{\breve{u}}f{\bar{a}}n$(吐魯番) fruit-growing using karez flourishes, And glacier of $Ti{\bar{a}}nshian$(天山) Mts. and $Q{\bar{i}}lian$(祁連) Mts. is very important to arid basin district because of supplying water resource. In the tundra zone surrounding alpine glacier, are distributed widely solifluction lobes and earth hummocks.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.513-522
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• 2017

Rapid urbanization is being portrayed around the world au causing difficulty to manage public hygiene and maintain public order. Common problems often detected in urban areas including traffic congestion and the deterioration of the ecological environment are also being exacerbated. Despite all the effort being made by the government and local governments to manage urban facilities, urban residents are subjected to various levels of difficulty, due to the number of facilities to be managed exceeding the number of management personnel and the lack of an adequate management system. The aim of this study is to propose a management method using smart phones to improve the maintenance efficiency of urban facilities. First, the one-stop maintenance of urban facilities, including facilities information management, maintenance management and history management, is made possible by using smart phones to collect and transfer pictures and the locations of the urban facilities. Second, maintenance management is based on the location and picture information of the subject, not the location of the smart phones, which enables a prompt understanding of and actions to be taken for the facility. This method is especially effective as the smart phone application sends the facility status information directly to the maintenance personnel. Third, all of the information and figures relating to the facilities is managed using a database, resulting in the easy utilization of the history management and data. Fourth, all of the urban residents have access to this information via smart phone applications and, therefore, expanding the role of the facility maintenance personnel is made possible without any additional investment in infrastructure. Lastly, the location-based information enables the management of roads, trees and trails.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.55-65
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• 2014

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the process of political changes in Japan, which has introduced regulatory policies for large-scale retail stores since the 1930s, as well as the examples, and suggests improvement schemes for our policies in Korea, which imposes restrictions on business hours and forced holidays in accordance with the current Distribution Industry Development Act. Research design, data, and methodology - After examining the political change processes related to large-scale retail stores in japan, this study analyzes individually regulated cases based on the ordinances enacted by each local government. Through case analysis in Japan, this study makes political suggestions that may be helpful for our country substantially. Results - Since there is an obvious possibility that our economic restrictions on business hours and mandatory holidays do not coincide with WTO GATS, it is necessary for large-scale distributors to introduce new social and environmental regulations similar to Japan, rather than imposing controls to restrict free competition and also introduce a policy to induce cooperation with small businesses for the advancement of the distribution industry. Thus, it is desirable to take measures on noise, waste, traffic, and parking for the preservation of the living environment in the surroundings when building new large-scale retail stores. It is also important to establish measures to improve the welfare of neighborhood residents and consumers, create a pleasant urban environment, and make it mandatory to make presentations at public hearings among residents. Furthermore, it should be mandatory to establish regional contribution plans when a retail store is established, and take measures to solve various civil complaints or problems that may occur after entering the market. Moreover, it is desirable for large-scale retail stores that entered the market to induce cooperation in performing various activities in the area with a strong sense that they are all members of the local economy. Conclusions - If introducing social regulations like in Japan, there is probably an advantage that the conflicts seen when large-scale retail stores enter the market are absorbed by adjusting the persons concerned within the established institution in order to establish a field to solve such conflicts systematically. In contrast, there are still concerns regarding chaotic operation without any active attempts to have a conversation with large-scale retail stores and local small merchants due to a sharp conflict among the persons concerned, and if it is a briefing session without any decision of the restrictions on their opening itself, there may be doubts with regard to their effectiveness. Moreover, if the de facto opening is restricted by the introduction of such a briefing session procedure, the choice of whether to protect the existing rights of large-scale retail stores might become problematic. However, such problems could be minimized in a way by forming a separate consultative group for all persons concerned including residents, local governments, professionals, civic organizations, small merchants, and massive retail store-related persons.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.223-232
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• 2015

This study has analyzed the factors that influence the safety consciousness of elderly drivers. To achieve this, 307 elderly who drives commercial and non-commercial in Daejeon, Sejong, Chungnam and Chungbuk area were selected as study subjects. For the data analysis, PASW Statistics 18.0 was used. The main results of this study are as follows. The level of safety consciousness of commercial and non-commercial drivers were 6.49 and 6.93 respectively showing that drivers of non-commercial were significantly higher. Second, the factors that influence the safety consciousness were shown to be significantly different for each group. The factors that influence the safety consciousness of commercial drivers were shown in the order of safety-seeking motivation, economic status, daily driving hours, sensation-seeking disposition. The factors that influence the safety consciousness of non-commercial drivers were shown in the order of safety-seeking motivation, health status, whether or not the accident was experienced, sensation-seeking disposition. Based on these results, several ways were suggested to improve the safety consciousness of elderly drivers and prevent the traffic accidents.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2018

This paper presents seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ over five urban sites in Sabah, Malaysia for the period of January through December 2012. The variability of $PM_{10}$ along with the diurnal and weekly cycles of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ at Kota Kinabalu site were also discussed to investigate the possible sources for increased $PM_{10}$ concentration at the site. This work is crucial to understand the behaviour and possible sources of $PM_{10}$ in the urban atmosphere of Sabah region. In Malaysia, many air pollution studies in the past focused in west Peninsular, but very few local studies were dedicated for Sabah region. This work aims to fill the gap by presenting the descriptive statistics on the variability of $PM_{10}$ concentration in the urban atmosphere of Sabah. To further examine its diurnal and weekly cycle pattern, its responses towards the variations of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and ozone were also investigated. The highest mean value of $PM_{10}$ for the whole study period is seen from Tawau ($35.7{\pm}17.8{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), while the lowest is from Keningau ($31.9{\pm}18.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ in all cities exhibited seasonal variations with the peak values occurred during the south-west monsoons. The $PM_{10}$ data consistently exhibited strong correlations with traffic related gaseous pollutants ($NO_2$, and CO), except for $SO_2$ and $O_3$. The analysis of diurnal cycles of $PM_{10}$ levels indicated that two peaks were associated during the morning and evening rush hours. The bimodal distribution of $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ in the front and at the back of ozone peak is a representation of urban air pollution pattern. In the weekly cycle, higher $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ concentrations were observed during the weekday when compared to weekend. The characteristics of $NO_2$ concentration rationed to CO and $SO_2$ suggests that mobile sources is the dominant factor for the air pollution in Kota Kinabalu; particularly during weekdays.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.12D no.3 s.99
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• pp.461-470
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• 2005

This paper suggests a new policy for consolidating a company's profits by segregating the clients using the contents service and allocating the media server's resources distinctively by clusters using the cluster analysis method of CRM, which is mainly applied to marketing. In this case, CRM refers to the strategy of consolidating a company's profits by efficiently managing the clients, providing them with a more effective, personalized service, and managing the resources more effectively. For the realization of a new service policy, this paper analyzes the level of contribution $vis-\acute{a}-vis$ the clients' service pattern (total number of visits to the homepage, service type, service usage period, total payment, average service period, service charge per homepage visit) and profits through the cluster analysis of clients' data applying the K-Means Method. Clients were grouped into 4 clusters according to the contribution level in terms of profits. Likewise, the CRFA (Client Request Filtering algorithm) was suggested per cluster to allocate media server resources. CRFA issues approval within the resource limit of the cluster where the client belongs. In addition, to evaluate the efficiency of CRFA within the Client/Server environment the acceptance rate per class was determined, and an evaluation experiment on network traffic was conducted before and after applying CRFA. The results of the experiments showed that the application of CRFA led to the decrease in network expenses and growth of the acceptance rate of clients belonging to the cluster as well as the significant increase in the profits of the company.