• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2014

As of 2010, apartment occupies more than half of all houses in Korea. It took just half a century since 1960 when apartment was introduced to ordinary people for the first time. The apartment has spread over the nation very swiftly since then. This phenomena needs more inclusive explanations than the investigations into the government's policies or economical situations. Without satisfaction and consensus of people, the universal spread of apartment might be fairly unrealizable. In this vein, the research and analysis has been performed in order to grasp the picture of everyday life's discourse based on the related articles from five major newspapers and five women's magazines during 1960~1989. From the articles' discourses we tried to understand how modern apartment has been accepted and evaluated through people's living life in it. First, the discourse of living life was generated mostly by housewives through the comparison between apartment and traditional house. Second, the most influential aspect of apartment's popularization was the convenience of efficient housekeeping system by modern equipment and home appliance installed in apartment. This efficiency could allow housewives to perform various urban activities such as work, shopping, and simple going out. Third, the satisfaction from efficiency and privacy brought about a sense of alienation at the same time. As a result, the rapid proliferation of apartment in Korea could be attained not only by the institutional driving forces but through the fulfillments of Korean people's housing needs from modern everyday life.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.407-423
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze Bakst's stage costume illustrations for Ballets Russes. The Russian Ballets has renown in the West since the early 20th century. Diaghilev first made his name as the organizer of art exhibitions in Russia and Western Europe. Diaghilev risked presenting only ballets in 1909, that time Bakst designed $Sch{\acute{e}}h{\acute{e}}razade$, L'Oiseau de Feu and Le Carnival. $Sch{\acute{e}}h{\acute{e}}razade$ was something new which overwhelmed the French people by then. It was seen to be the achievement of Wagner's idea where all the elements; the music, the design, the choreography, and the dancing fused into a perfect whole. The entire production was a hitherto unseen harmony of colors, sounds and movements. For the 1911 season in Paris, Diaghilev planned to present six new ballets and Bakst designed four ballets. Bakst's design of the set and the costume greatly shocked the audience. His "Originality" shines on the fact that he introduced a palette of colors in theater for the first time in history. He used a magic of colors to suggest the secret meaning of what was happening on the stage. The results can be divided into three distinct characteristics. First, oriental designs such as $Cl{\acute{e}}op{\hat{a}}tre$, $Sch{\acute{e}}h{\acute{e}}razade$, L'Oiseau de Feu, La $P{\acute{e}}ri$ and Le Dieu Blue with Russian, Indian and Persian traditional design in headdress and accessories ars found. Second, Le Carnival and La Spectre de la Rose used romantic styles with oriental details. Third, Greek chiton and Himation are used in Narcisse, $H{\acute{e}}l{\grave{e}}ne$ de Sparte, $L'Apr{\grave{e}}s-Midi\;d^{\grave{\;}}un$ Faune and Daphnis et $Chlo{\acute{e}}$ inspirde with various colors and geometic patterns. Bakst's orient of lush colored costumes, head dress, cushions, rugs and hangings became the immediate fashion imitated by Parisian couture houses and interior decorators.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 1987

The concept of ‘Open Space’ is conceived to be very valuable subject of interest in developing modern settlement system. In Korea, many new and old residential sites have been developed or renewed to fulfil the housing demands. And such trends seem to continue for the time being. What is more, the requirments for more comfortable residential environments, that is deeply concerned with ‘Open Space’, inorease gradually. As a basis for designing more efficent residential environments to fit Korean morden life style, self - grown, traditional and agricultural villages are studied. This study is concenturated on the Open Space System with its socio - cultural and physical backgrounds. For this, data and materials are some widely collected and are analysed focused on the systems and structures of ‘Open Spaee’. Some results from this study are summarized as follow ; 1. It is assumed that the number of houses per village is around 60, and that its area reaches to the radious of 3-4km. 2. ‘POONGSU’is a generally adopted theory based on natural elements like mountians, waters, and orientations when locating villages and composing their spatial structures. As a result of this, the basic structures of villages and Open Space are defined. 3. Circulation system is integrated to the hierachyal order system ; that is, Passing Road \longrightarrowEntry Road\longrightarrowCentral Read\longrightarrowDisperse and Access Road. 4. The natural and agricultural land uses are overlapped with diverse outdoor activities - religious services, play and recreation, relaxation, etc - without any physical modification. 5. At each villages, several artificial and spot - like green facilities are found. And distinctive functions, meanings, and locationalities are given to each of them. On that, they become a visual and psychological centers of each village. 6. In addition to its basic function of circulation, Central Road takes the sence of place for outdoor activities. Because of this charactor, it plays an important role of activating the village life and binding the various Open Space elements.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.39-47
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• 2012

In this study, it was analyzed that, the way of securing publicity and privacy in family and type of public space of the Japanese contemporary detached house, by the composition type of family from one person home to four generation family home. Mostly the living room is made as open plan of LDK type. Mostly, the entrance hall is separate with living room. Even if the case of the entrance hall is connected with living room, it is planned to be recognized as entrance hall, by making entrance poach or connecting it with stair hall. In many case, the public space is designed as traditional Japanese style, such as wellhole style space (吹拔け), courtyard, and Japanese style room (和室). The Japanese style room is adjacent to living room, and used as the space of receiving guests. The wellhole style space and courtyard are recognized as the center of the house, and used as buffer space for ensuring privacy of each generation. The most different point between bachelor house and multi generation family house is another LDK space, living room or kitchen for parents' generation is made separately. Particularly there are many case of making separate small kitchen space, therefore it can be known that, the separation of kitchen space is recognized more importantly than that of living room. And there are many case of making separate entrance hall, two houses under one roof. The spatial composition like this can said as rational method of ensuring the privacy of each generation, and using the public space together as necessary.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.84-92
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• 2017

Just as the front gate is located at the meeting point between the house and the street, the Subject and the Other face each other the same way. This study examines the relationship between House(subject) and Stree (other) at the boundary of the Front Gate-Face. Pursuing the aspects of the changing Front Gate-Face accordingly to the attitude of the Subject facing the Other, this study tries to analyze the possibilities and significance of the hospitality Front Gate-Face with the ethical point of view of Levinas. As architectural instance, results of examining the Front Gate-Face of traditional houses in Korea, China and Japan are as follows. Front Gate-Face of China is characterized by self-centered introversion to interact with the external world (the other). Front Gate-Face of Japan is characterized by a humble submission to the group. Front Gate-Face of Korea shows however more flexible relationship orientations in terms of hospitality, compared to Japan or China. When looking through hospitality factors, accordingly to the above mentioned Korean hospitality characteristics, the possibilities seem not be exclusively bordered inside the conceptual category perimeter suggested by Levinas' concept of hospitality. It is almost impossible for the nowadays ever-strong privacy culture to not allow room for the architectural structure of an absolute hospitality toward others. However, this impossibility not being absolute, still yields a space for a significant possibility to explore.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.39-62
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• 1999

Basic concept of this study is that architectural form as a material at present has meaning for the dweller's life on the past historical plane. Main method to recover history is ethnographic interview to dwellers. Secondary method is to analyze ancestors' writings, buildings in the background of the family photos, and past drawings and then to relate them with architectural form at present. Taxonomy is a starting point: general name of the building by outside researcher is quite different from it by inside dwellers. 'Haengrang-chae', servant quarter, has never been used for servants. Function of the haengrang went outside thatched houses at the front village. Firsthand observation or simple analyses as results of several precedent research are reexamined and criticized through this study. The mansion has moaning when we synthesize with the site location based on farming land and tenant farmer, and decline of the Kyongpo Lake. Territoriality of the mansion is reinterpreted to 'In-Out Structure' by Yin-Yang thinking, Dwellers extend buildings gradually to outside village, surrounding rear hills, the lake, DongHae Sea, and finally goes to imaginative Taoist heaven beyond real nature through the literary life. Confucius principle, known to govern upper class house at Yi Dynasty also affect general composition of the buildings: perpetuation of the family by ancestor worship, elder dominance and male dominance, fraternity love in the extended family, charity display by reception of guests, Taoist scholarly life harmonized with nature. However, the study of the particular life and usage of the dwellers reinforces or corrects general supposition of precedent researches. Unique shape of the house has been formed by convenience of the dwellers' life style, early modernized free thought over the rigid Confucius design principle, and female power in male dominant society.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.30-37
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• 2010

Dutch artist, Theo van Doesburg had shown short but strong experimental aesthetics in his works through De Stijl movement. He played a leading role for editing De Stijl magazine and performed various formative works such as painting, sculpture, and architecture. In 1923 he opened the first De Stijl exhibition cooperated with Cornelis van Eesteren. In this architecture exhibition he showed rich formal spirits of counter-construction in his major design works, that is Maison Particuliere and Maison D'artiste among three houses projects. Formal characteristics of counter-construction can be summed up under two categories, time and space. Analytical results are as follows; First, the characteristics of counter-construction related to time category include two types of two mode. One is linear aspect of time based on the viewer's movement. The other aspect is simultaneity caused by synoptical effect. These could be proved by the analysis of arrangement of color planes. Secondly, the spatial aspects of counter-construction are produced through two different ways of formal strategies. Van Doesburg arranged cubes in very irregular pattern. This treatment induces ambiguous void and creates feeling of subject's space. And, through deleting, shifting, and extending he could make dynamic spatial effect by interpenetration between in and out. This fluid space thus introduces movements of one's gaze and circulation. He denied traditional classical values which had ruled the western aesthetical discipline for centuries and believed that mankind can reach the realm of universal equilibrium by contrast and tension created by counter-construction. In this vein Theo van Doesburg was an avant-garde artist of Hegelian thoughts who adopted the dialectical method without following the formal characteristics from ancestors.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.89-98
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• 2003

To assess the actual status of businesses selling fermented soybean products, this study surveyed 130 Farmhouse style small size soybean sauce processing sites supported by the Rural Development Administration nationwide. The sex composition of the businesses representatives of 2% male and 98% female showed that a farmhouse soybean processing business is generally operated by rural women as a non-filming business. The percentage of co-worked sites was 71.2 and that of sites with permits was 39.2. The main products were meju, doenjang, and kanjang. Total production volume was found to be 523 tons, 256 tons, and 135 k$\ell$s, respectively. The number of years of experience of the manufacturers of the kanjang and doenjang was found to be 25.7 on average which shows that long-experienced, skilled manufacturers are participating in this project. The traditional measuring unit differed greatly depending on the region. This difference in the measuring unit of soybeans resulted in a large difference in the volume of doenjang and kanjang produced Per Province. For one kg of raw soybeans, the weight of Doenjang produced also varied from 2.14 kg in the Gyeongbuk area to 1.62 kg in Jeju. In the aspect of salt use, 1.75 $\ell$ (translated by volumetric unit 0.704 due) of salt pet kg of meju, in Jeju, was the highest in Korea. Government supervision would be beneficial in the areas of raw material products, standardization of measuring units and production methods, organization and operation of a conference for the different groups of producers, and in construction of a nationwide database.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.99-109
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• 2003

This study was conducted to collect basic marketing and management data from businesses run by farmers producing traditional Kanjang and Doenjang, fermented soybean products. The actual conditions of the fermentation processing sites at farmhouses participating in the production of soybean fermentation products were investigated. The subjects of this survey were 130 small size farmhouse Kanjang and Doenjang processing sites nationwide. The frequency, percentage, t-value, chi-square, and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. The farmhouse business surveyed were generally operated by rural women for non-farming business income. The percentage of co-worked sites was 71.2 while the percentage of sites operating with permits was 39.2. Generally, the the facilities, size, number of working people, and output were very small. The areas in which the products were sold, site-located regions and region metropolises, were equally weighted. Sales volumes in region metropolises for sites with permits were a little higher than sites without permits. Without regard to operation type, the percentage of sales was highest in cases of direct sale by customer order. Co-worked sites have been found to have more experience in publicity than individually operated sites. As for methods of publicity, co-worked sites use mass media such as newspapers and broadcasting. Individually operated sites usually use social organizations and acquaintances. It was found that the average sales of each site totaled 25 million Won. The average income of each site was 12 million Won, and average income per participant was 3 million Won. Total sales income for sites with permits was significantly higher than sites without permits. But personal income was much higher at individually operated sites without regard to whether the site had a permit or not. This kind of business was found to contribute to an individual's time management skills as well as instill a sense of pride.