• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.161-170
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• 2013

The FX (Foreign Exchange) is a form of exchange for the global decentralized trading of international currencies. The simple sense of Forex is simultaneous purchase and sale of the currency or the exchange of one country's currency for other countries'. We can find the consistent rules of trading by comparing the gradient boosting method and the decision trees methods. Methods such as time series analysis used for the prediction of financial markets have advantage of the long-term forecasting model. On the other hand, it is difficult to reflect the rapidly changing price fluctuations in the short term. Therefore, in this study, gradient boosting method and decision tree method are applied to analyze the short-term data in order to make the rules for the revenue structure of the FX market and evaluated the stability and the prediction of the model.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.465-484
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• 2009

Since the launch of the GATT system, one of the most controversial topics in trade liberalization has been the conflict between culture and trade. The sticking point has been the necessity of cultural exceptions in trade rules. Some countries do not wish to allow further exceptions to basic principles even in cultural industry, while many other countries make their efforts to obtain "cultural safety valve." The latter group asserts that it is indispensable for the protection of cultural identity, whereas the former seems to doubt the truth of the assertion. That is because cultural policy measure possibly constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries, or a disguised barriers to trade in cultural products. Unfortunately, cultural exceptions still remain unresolved in the WTO, the successor to the GATT. This paper is to review the history and rules of multilateral trading system on cultural industry, address the critical issues to deal with in the DDA negotiations, and lastly provide some perspectives on the appropriate shape of the cultural safety valve.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.41-59
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• 2001

Recently, as the coastal trading is being increased rapidly, risk of collision being increased especially in the coastal route near around the port of Wando. In this paper, with the reference to various literatures and papers on collision avoidance rules, the navigational rules and regulations for the coastal area-especially for the narrow channel-are construed and introduced in brief. Also, 3 collision cases near around the port of Wando and statistical data during 5 years(1996 to 2000) are studied. The results of this study are as follows; 1. It is strongly recommended to separate the route of east-bound and west-bound in this area due to removing the risk of collision between the vessels in reciprocal way. 2. The owner of the fleet should lead that the master should con the vessel by himself when passing this area. 3. For the introduction of the Coastal VTS, it is required to investigate the capability to cooperate with military radar sites which based on all over the coast.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.184-184
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• 2017

A nation-wide water-energy-food (WEF) nexus simulation model has been developed by the authors and successfully applied to South Korea to predict the sustainability of those three resources in the next 30 years. The model was also capable of simulating future scenarios of resources allocation based on priority rules aiming to maximize resources sustainability. However, the process was still relying on several assumptions and trial-and-error approach, which sometimes resulted in non-optimal solutions of resources allocation. In this study, an optimization module was introduced to enhance the model in generating optimal resources management rules. The objective of the optimization was to maximize the reliability index of resources by determining the resources' allocation and/or priority rules for each demand type that accordingly reflect the resources management policies. Implementation of the optimization module would result in balanced allocation and management of limited resources and assist the stakeholders in deciding resources' management plans, either by fulfilling the domestic production or by global trading.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.101-110
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• 2022

Purpose: This study is a comparative study to examine the differences between Incoterms 2010 and Incoterms 2010 through a study on the revision contents and conditions of Incoterms 2020. Research design, data, methodology: This study is composed of 5 chapters through literature study. Chapter 1 is an introduction, and Chapter 2 explains the significance and change of standard trading conditions. Chapter 3 compares Incoterms 2020 and 2010. Chapter 4 deals with major revisions and considerations of Incoterms 2020, and Chapter 5 mentions conclusions and implications. Results: In comparison with Incoterms 2020 and Incoterms 2010, first, the selection of the correct Incoterms rules was emphasized through the introduction; second, the division and connection between the sale contract and the ancillary contract were more clearly explained; and third, each Incoterms An explanatory note was presented by improving the existing guidance note for rules, and finally, the order of clauses within individual Incoterms rules was changed to further emphasize delivery and risk. Conclusions: This study pays attention to the understanding of academic content related to standard trade terms and conditions and how usefully it can be used in the business process of users in practice.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-31
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• 2008

At its thirty-ninth session(New York, 19 June - 7 July 2006), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(hereinafter referred to as the Commission) agreed to give priority to the topic of revising the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. From the forty-fifth through the forty-seventh session, the Working Group checked various issues based on the draft revised version of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules prepared by the Secretariat. At its forty-eighth session, the Working Group is going to finish its first reading of articles 38 to 41 of the draft revised version of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and to commence its second reading of the draft revised version of UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. Korea is keen on enticing foreign direct investment into its territory. From the 1960s, Korea has concluded more than 80 BITs. Korea is making efforts to conclude FTAs with its trading partners. As of January, 2008, 3 FTAs have taken into effect with respect to Korea. According to provisions on dispute settlement found in such BITs and FTAs involving Korea, the Rules can be chosen for Investor-State Arbitration. Furthermore, the Rules is followed by the arbitration rules for domestic and international arbitrations administered by the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. If the Commission adopts the revised version of UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the Rules will be able to give impact on the arbitration law and practice around the world of arbitration. That is the reason why we should keep attention to the development of the deliberations of the Working Group.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.221-262
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• 2003

In recent years, information technological revolution of using Internet in the Stock Market has shown reconsideration of Securities and Exchange Law. Since the 1998 Taipei Conference, ILA have studied upon it and presented 6th Interim Report during the 2000 London Conference. This paper summarizes a part of the 6th Interim Report. The Internet has created a medium to which traditional principles of jurisdiction may not have full relevance. To understand the jurisdictional issues posed by this new medium, we should first review the traditional principles of jurisdiction under international, U. S. law and Other Countries law. In previous reports, the general principles of jurisdiction in international law have been described. These principles are, however, difficult to apply in the context of Internet and other forms of computerized securities trading. Regulators all over the world are trying to address and solve jurisdictional issues raised by the Internet. The traditional rules of jurisdiction in international law, grounded as they are on a geography-based approach, may be in the process of being undermined by the Internet and other global networks allowing for remote access to information and to markets.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.spc
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• pp.123-126
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• 2003

In this paper, we use three cluster algorithms (K-means, Self-Organizing Map, and Fuzzy K-means) to find proper graded stock market brokerage commission rates based on the cumulative transactions on both stock exchange market and HTS (Home Trading System). Stock trading investors for both modes are classified in terms of the total transaction as well as the corresponding mode of investment, respectively. Empirical analysis results indicated that fuzzy K-means cluster analysis is the best fit for the segmentation of customers of both transaction modes in terms of robustness. We then propose the rules for three grouping of customers based on decision tree and apply different brokerage commission to be 0.4%, 0.45%, and 0.5% for exchange market while 0.06%, 0.1%, 0.18% for HTS.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.249-273
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• 2014

This study aims to find implications of Korean FTAs and to suggest policy recommendations to facilitate the utilization of FTAs based on the field survey of more than 1,000 trading firms According to the survey, most of the trading firms have utilized FTAs more than once and had agreed that the FTAs have contributed to expansion of their business and trade with partners. However, still a number of firms responded that they have never used FTAs. Even those who are utilizing FTAs expressed difficulties in conforming to the complex rules of origin verification processes and lack of practical information on how to use FTAs. Therefore, government policies need to be more focused on elevating FTA utilization rate and meeting the practical use of FTAs by trading firms. In addition, trading firms were found to express preference to potential FTA partners with large economies in the East Asia and were in the opinion that future FTA agreements should be approached in a way that can reflect the practical interest of the firms.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2015

In general, problems of delimitating trading area are that it takes much efforts depending on regions and the results are not scientific due to agencies' own rules and criteria. Especially, areas like Hongik University Station, where countless stores are opening and closing simultaneously, the field survey needs even more time and expenses. Despite of its drawbacks, it has been considered that the field survey is the most credible method in delimitating trading area. The purpose of this study, therefore, is reducing the field survey when agencies delimitate trade area by maximizing use of previously built GIS database and utilizing spatial analysis. Publicly notified individual land value and floating population of Gwanak-gu were utilized to delimitate trading areas. For an evaluation method, the study results were compared to other trading area boundaries.