• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.23
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• pp.341-372
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• 2004

Since China was admitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, China has sped up its active participation in the competition of the world economy by lifting its trade and investment restrictions and limits. Its trading system is getting more and more free and its huge market with a population of 1.3 billion has been getting more and more open. With Chinas WTO accession, China has been honoring its commitments to its WTO members by complying with international business practices and WTO rules. For example, it will cut down its import tariffs for automobiles from the present 80% to 25% by 2006. Its financial sector and service industries are open to foreign investors now. As Chinas biggest business partner, Japan has benefited tremendously from Chinas open policies and deepening economic reform. In order to reduce the costs of production, a large number of enterprises from Japan have set up production bases in China since a Chinese workers wages accounts for only one tenth of those of a Japanese worker on the average. Japan has become one of Chinas biggest investors on a par with the United States of America (USA). How are the Japanese enterprises in Japan and in China adjusting themselves to the rapid changes of the Chinese market? What characteristics do the Japanese enterprises in China have? What effects has Chinas WTO accession had on those Japanese enterprises that have invested in China? This paper finds answers to the above questions. It at first reviews the Sino-Japanese economic and trade relations since 1980s, then analyses the situation and characteristics of Japanese-invested enterprises in China, and explores their problems in China. Finally it puts forward some suggestions for the Japanese enterprises in China.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.233-260
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• 2013

Regional Trade Agreements(RTAs) are a prominent feature of the multilateral trading system and have been an important trade policy tool for WTO Members. RTAs has been steadily increasing over the last ten years and this trend will be further strengthened by the many RTAs being proposed and those currently under negotiation. There has been a recent increase in the Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) making it necessary to determine the most effective method for taking advantage of anti-dumping measures between member countries of the RTA. Due to the complexity of anti-dumping laws and abuse of discretion by each nation, however, the basic goal of the RTA has not come to fruition. The results of this study found that the strengthening of anti-dumping measures in the RTA is desirable. A plan to use competition instead of anti-dumping measures must be implemented. For Korea, it will be necessary to develop the fundamentals for the globalization of competitive rules to keep pace with the continuous expansion of FTA.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.49-70
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• 2006

In recent, Open markets are booming up rapidly. Open markets are one of the online marketplaces which mainly concentrated on spot transactions of commodities, and are differentiated from integrated internet shopping stores with market participants, trading rules and so on. This study investigated on factors affecting satisfaction with and preference on open markets by comparing open markets with integrated internet shopping stores, and aimed to figure out the reasons why open markets are growing up so rapidly and to forecast the future of open markets. To investigate the factors affecting buyers' satisfaction with and preference on internet shopping channel. I extracted several factors through literature reviews. The factors include the pros (cost saving and time saving), the cons (security concerns and privacy concerns), and decision making support suggested by Simon's research as well. Then, I constructed research model and related research hypotheses. To verify research hypotheses, I conducted field survey targeting on online buyers and analyzed research data using structural equation model. According to data analysis result, open markets have competitive advantages over integrated internet shopping stores with respect to cost saving, time saving, and decision making support. However, online buyers are still concerning privacy issues within open markets. In summary, buyers are considering that open markets are cheaper, faster, and more efficient internet shopping channel, compared with integrated internet shopping stores. However, open markets are required to dedicate to lessen buyers' privacy concerns to rebirth as more satisfying and preferable internet shopping channel and to prosper in the future.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.75
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• pp.179-198
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• 2017

Recently, agricultural exports of Korea have steadily increased. But, no progress is being made at the WTO and DDA negotiations, the FTAs have played a leading role in the formulation of the international trade rules, and countries have been cleverly utilizing non-tariff barriers such as SPS and TBT, there is a growing need to respond to non-tariff barriers aggressively. On the other hand, since the FTA has the potential to activate the global value chain, there is a high need for exporting companies in the domestic agricultural sector to understand the structure of the global value chain in agriculture and actively utilize the global value chain. The non-tariff measures of agricultural commodities major trading partners in the field of domestic agricultural exports were mostly comprised of SPS measures and TBT measures. The non-tariff measures corresponding to inputs and production stages of value chain elements (seeds, seedlings) in the value chain were mainly reported in SPS measures. TBT measures are mainly carried out in selective packaging, storage, processing, distribution, and export sales. It is most important for agricultural export companies to know their position on the value chain and information on non-tariff measures of importing countries in order to actively utilize the global value chain. Since there are non-tariff barriers that are difficult to be solved at the individual enterprise level, active government support of the government is not only important but also actively promoting relevant information to farmers and agricultural exporters. In addition, potential export farmers and prospective export companies will be able to identify TBT and SPS and other non-tariff barriers well in advance, and respond to them in advance. Also, through networking with export related organizations and overseas buyers, It is very important that policy support from the perspective of global value chain is linked effectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.2396-2402
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• 2015

Air compressor, as an essential equipment used in the factory and plant operations, accounts for around 30% of the total electricity consumption in U.S.A, thereby being proposed advanced technologies to reduce electricity consumption. When the fluctuation of the compressed airflow rate is small, the system stability is increased followed by the reduction of the electricity consumption which results in the efficient design of the energy system. In the statistical analysis, the normal distribution, log normal distribution, gamma distribution or the like are generally used to identify system characteristics. However a single distribution may not fit well the data with long tail, representing sudden air flow rate especially in extremes. In this paper, authors decouple the compressed airflow rate into two parts to present a mixture of distribution function and suggest a method to reduce the electricity consumption. This reduction stems from the fact that a general pareto distribution estimates more accurate quantile value than a gaussian distribution when an airflow rate exceeds over a large number.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2023

The South Korean government announced its plan to pursue membership in the CPTPP in 2022, aiming to establish a stable supply chain within the Asia-Pacific region. The CPTPP, led by Japan, was ratified in 2018 by 11 countries with the goal of eliminating tariffs and establishing new trade rules. According to our analysis, since the implementation of the CPTPP, there has been a trade promotion effect among Japan and member countries, with greater effects observed in countries with higher GDP per capita and closer geographical distance. As long as tariff elimination and reduction proceed as planned, the trade promotion effects are expected to expand gradually. However, the expansion of trade between Japan and CPTPP member countries may also indicate a relative contraction in trade with non-member countries, potentially posing a threat to the stable supply chain in the Korean industry within the Asia-Pacific region. As Japan is Korea's fourth-largest trading partner, it is necessary to carefully consider the impact of CPTPP on Japan's future trade with member countries and engage in discussions regarding Korea's participation and negotiation content based on a thorough examination of the matter.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.115-137
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• 2018

The ICC is amending international trade rules such as Incoterms to respond to periodically changing international trade environments. Moreover, a drafting group has been formed for developing the eighth amendment and the Incoterms. Due to the recent development of information and communication technology, interest in smart work is increasing globally. Smart work is a concept that enables works to be performed without time and space constraints, and the mobile office is a typical form of smart work. Smart work has brought significant changes to the way that workers perform their jobs, and it has considerable impacts on international trade transactions. This study examines the impact of the development of information and communication technology on electronic trade customs and analyzes the revision process of Incoterms for electronic document informatization. Also, we provide implications for the 8th amendment of Incoterms.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.161-177
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• 2015

With the rapid evolution of technology, the size, number, and the type of databases has increased concomitantly, so data mining approaches face many challenging applications from databases. One such application is discovery of fraud patterns from agricultural product wholesale transaction instances. The agricultural product wholesale market in Korea is huge, and vast numbers of transactions have been made every day. The demand for agricultural products continues to grow, and the use of electronic auction systems raises the efficiency of operations of wholesale market. Certainly, the number of unusual transactions is also assumed to be increased in proportion to the trading amount, where an unusual transaction is often the first sign of fraud. However, it is very difficult to identify and detect these transactions and the corresponding fraud occurred in agricultural product wholesale market because the types of fraud are more intelligent than ever before. The fraud can be detected by verifying the overall transaction records manually, but it requires significant amount of human resources, and ultimately is not a practical approach. Frauds also can be revealed by victim's report or complaint. But there are usually no victims in the agricultural product wholesale frauds because they are committed by collusion of an auction company and an intermediary wholesaler. Nevertheless, it is required to monitor transaction records continuously and to make an effort to prevent any fraud, because the fraud not only disturbs the fair trade order of the market but also reduces the credibility of the market rapidly. Applying data mining to such an environment is very useful since it can discover unknown fraud patterns or features from a large volume of transaction data properly. The objective of this research is to empirically investigate the factors necessary to detect fraud transactions in an agricultural product wholesale market by developing a data mining based fraud detection model. One of major frauds is the phantom transaction, which is a colluding transaction by the seller(auction company or forwarder) and buyer(intermediary wholesaler) to commit the fraud transaction. They pretend to fulfill the transaction by recording false data in the online transaction processing system without actually selling products, and the seller receives money from the buyer. This leads to the overstatement of sales performance and illegal money transfers, which reduces the credibility of market. This paper reviews the environment of wholesale market such as types of transactions, roles of participants of the market, and various types and characteristics of frauds, and introduces the whole process of developing the phantom transaction detection model. The process consists of the following 4 modules: (1) Data cleaning and standardization (2) Statistical data analysis such as distribution and correlation analysis, (3) Construction of classification model using decision-tree induction approach, (4) Verification of the model in terms of hit ratio. We collected real data from 6 associations of agricultural producers in metropolitan markets. Final model with a decision-tree induction approach revealed that monthly average trading price of item offered by forwarders is a key variable in detecting the phantom transaction. The verification procedure also confirmed the suitability of the results. However, even though the performance of the results of this research is satisfactory, sensitive issues are still remained for improving classification accuracy and conciseness of rules. One such issue is the robustness of data mining model. Data mining is very much data-oriented, so data mining models tend to be very sensitive to changes of data or situations. Thus, it is evident that this non-robustness of data mining model requires continuous remodeling as data or situation changes. We hope that this paper suggest valuable guideline to organizations and companies that consider introducing or constructing a fraud detection model in the future.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.37 no.1 s.70
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• pp.45-71
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• 2006

The main objective of this study is to analyze problems of the Country of Origin Labeling(COOL) in small live fish(SLF) trade by applying the asymmetric information theory which is called ${\ulcorner}$Lemon Market Theory${\lrcorner}$. The purpose of importing SLF is to enhance fishing household income and import substitution effect as well. SLF importation is quite different in its nature from importing general fish and fish products for final/direct consumption. SLF are imported for the purpose of domestic aquaculture and naturalization where domestic production/supply of SLF is less than domestic demand for or such species are not native to Korean waters. Information asymmetric problems arise even in SLF trade as the same way in general goods and services. However, the information asymmetry issues in SLF trade are much more complex than non-living goods because SLF are traded in the live state. To alleviate such problems the Korean government initiated the general COOL scheme to imported SLF. However, many experts argues that such policy on SLF would not be appropriate because of SLF's very nature. Applying the lemon market theory, we can analyze how information discovery schemes are able to signal correct information to SLF trading parties and to result in more symmetric information in SLF trade markets. This research carried out a case study about small live eel(SLF) trade and its farming. The results showed that applying the COOL to small live eels just right upon coming into fish farms tends to increase substantially fish farmer's income and at the same time to lower unnecessary transaction costs. In particular, such transaction costs by imposing simply the general COOL on SLF may easily outweigh its benefits. For instance, to resolve the problems, the Korean ministry of agriculture and forestry(KMAF) has developed a quite different COOL rules from the general ones and has applied them to imported live cattle and medium/small livestocks. The KMAF's differentiated COOL policy on some imported livestocks may be a good case which can be applied to imported SLF. In addition to the differentiated COOL on SLF, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and traceability system would play crucial complementary roles in alleviating information asymmetry problems in SLF trade. Advanced fisheries tend to strengthen their SPS system rather than to adopt the general comprehensive COOL schemes into imported SLF trades and domestic market exchanges.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

This study discusses some theoretical implications for efficient utilization of the global E-commerce in a world of uncertainty by beginning with measures of risk and return for the global E-commerce, and by moving to risk and return for a efficient transaction portfolio of many risky methods of transaction. Decision rules are developed to show how individuals choose optimal transaction portfolios that maximize their expected utility of wealth. First, the individuals will generally want to allocate positive amount to the global E-commerce, which requires that the expected marginal utility of wealth equals zero. Secondly, the optimal transaction portfolio will be determined by finding the point of tangency between the efficient trading line and the hightest indifference curve in the mean-variance plane. Thirdly, if the global E-commerce is positively correlated with wealth, it must have an expected return that is higher than the risk-free transaction methods in order to compensate for its risk. Fourthly, on the other hand, if the global E-commerce is negatively correlated with wealth, it will have an expected return that is less than the risk-free transaction methods. Finally, the valuation of global E-commerce depends on the degree of individual's risk aversion and the covariance between the expected return of total wealth and the return of global E-commerce.